FIG 1.
Immunization regimens that include a GLA-SE-formulated protein vaccine generate memory CD4 T cells. C57BL/6 mice were primed, and 6 weeks later boosted, with the indicated vaccines. Sixteen weeks after the boost, blood was collected and F3-specific serum antibodies were determined (A). In addition, spleens were removed and single-cell suspensions prepared. Cells were incubated with F3 protein and analyzed by flow cytometry for expression of CD154 or the indicated cytokine (B). Data are means and SEM (n = 5 per group). (C) Relative proportions of CD4 T cells expressing combinations of each cytokine/CD154. Data are representative of results obtained in 2 or 3 independent experiments. *, **, and ****, P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.0001, respectively, for the indicated groups. In panel B, with the exception of Ad-Ag/Ad-Ag-induced IL-2-producing CD4 CD44hi cells, all immunization-induced responses were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those observed following saline/saline injection.