TABLE 2.

Effect of EPA and DHA on markers of neuroinflammation¹

PUFA; study, year (ref)	Effect
DHA
Rey et al., 2016 (116)	Resolvin D1, a DHA oxylipin, decreased LPS-induced expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β
Zhao et al., 2011 (117)	NPD1, a DHA oxylipin, downregulated Aβ42-triggered expression of COX-2 and of B-94 (a TNF-α–inducible proinflammatory element)
Lu et al., 2010 (59)	Reduced expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2
Pan et al., 2009 (118)	Mitigated increases in IL-6
De Smedt-Peyrusse et al., 2008 (61)	Downregulated LPS-stimulated cell surface expression of CD14 and TLR4
	Lowered TNF-α protein expression, IL-1β protein expression, and activation of NF-κB
Kawashima et al., 2008 (62)	Attenuated IL-1β–induced IL-6 production
Lukiw et al., 2005 (119)	NPD1, a DHA oxylipin, downregulated COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β expression
Marcheselli et al., 2003 (120)	NPD1, a DHA oxylipin, downregulated NF-κB activation and COX2 gene expression
EPA
Rey et al., 2016 (116)	Resolvin E1, an EPA oxylipin, decreased LPS-induced expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β
Lu et al., 2010 (59)	Inhibited iNOS and COX-2 expression and NO production
Kawashima et al., 2008 (62)	Inhibited IL-6 production, attenuated IL-1β–induced IL6 gene expression
Moon et al., 2007 (60)	Inhibited PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and release of NO
	Downregulated the production of COX-2, iNOS, and proinflammatory cytokines at mRNA and/or protein levels
	Suppressed NF-κB activation by blocking IκB degradation,
Lynch et al., 2007 (63)	Elevated IL-4 and blocked LPS-induced increases in IL-1β
Minogue et al., 2007 (64)	Lowered LPS- and Aβ-induced increases in IL-1β protein
Kavanagh et al., 2004 (65)	Prevented LPS-induced reduction in anti-inflammatory IL-4 and IL-10

¹Aβ, amyloid β COX, cyclooxygenase; IκB, inhibitor of κB; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; NPD₁, neuroprotectin D1; PGE₂, prostaglandin E₂; ref, reference; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4.