. 2016 Sep 7;7(5):961–972. doi: 10.3945/an.116.012575

TABLE 2.

In vivo studies carried out with EA or an EA-enriched fraction in relation to obesity and its metabolic complications¹

				Results
Test material	Test model/diet	Dose (EA content)	Duration, wk	∆BW	∆Fat	Metabolic responses	References
Muscadine grape polyphenols	C57BL/6J/HFD (60%)*	0.4% MGP (216 mg/kg BW)	15	—	↓	↑ Glucose and insulin tolerance	Gourineni et al., 2012 (10)
Muscadine grape polyphenols	C57BL/6J/HFD (60%)*	0.4% MGP (216 mg/kg BW)	15	—	↓	↓ FFA, TGs, TC, and CRP in plasma	Gourineni et al., 2012 (10)
Chinese sweet leaf tea extract	SD rats/HFD (60%)	0.22 g/kg BW	12	↓	↓	↓ Glucose, TGs, and TC in plasma	Koh et al., 2011 (39)
PE	ddY mice (ovariectomized)	30 mg/kg BW	12	—	↓	↓ Serum resistin	Makino-Wakagi et al., 2012 (40)
PLE	ICR mice/HFD (60%)	400 or 800 mg PLE/kg BW	5	↓	↓	↓ Serum glucose and TC, TGs	Lei et al., 2007 (48)
PLE	ICR mice/HFD (60%)	400 or 800 mg PLE/kg BW	5	↓	↓	↑ Serum HDL cholesterol	Lei et al., 2007 (48)
HFEA	SD rats/HFD (40%)	100 mg HFEA/kg BW	11	↓	↓	↓ TGs, TC, LDL and leptin in plasma	Monika and Geetha, 2015 (49)
						↓ FAS, LPL, and leptin in adipocytes
						↑ FGF21 in adipocytes
EA nanoparticle	SD rats/HFD (40%)	10% (wt:wt of polymer)	4	—	—	↓ Glucose and TGs	Ratnam et al., 2009 (50)
EA nanoparticle	SD rats/HFD (40%)	10% (wt:wt of polymer)	4	—	—	↑ Endothelial function	Ratnam et al., 2009 (50)
PE	SD rats/HFD (45%)	150 mg PE/kg BW	8	↓	—	↓ Cardiac lipid accumulation	Cao et al., 2015 (51)
						↓ Myocardial damage
						↑ Mitochondrial biogenesis
						↓ Oxidative stress in heart
RSF	C57BL/6 HFHS diet (40% fat, 37% sucrose)	100 mg RSF/kg BW	8	↓	—	↓TC, LDL cholesterol, TGs	Kang et al., 2016 (52)
						↑ Insulin sensitivity
						↓ Hepatic ER stress
						↓ Adipose inflammation
EA	KKAy mice/HFD (30%)	100 mg/kg BW	∼10	—	—	↓ Serum resistin	Yoshimura et al., 2013 (53)
						↓ Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes
						↑ Hepatic apoA-I, LDLr, CPT1, and PPARG
EA	Wistar rats/HFD (48%)	800 mg/kg BW	16	↓	↓	↓ Cardiovascular abnormalities	Panchal et al., 2013 (54)
						↑ Ventricular function
						↑ Glucose tolerance
						↑ Nrf2 and CPT1 in heart and liver
EA	Isoproterenol-injected MI-induced Wistar rats	7.5–15 mg/kg BW	1.5	—	—	↓ Arrhythmias, ventricular hypertrophy, lipid peroxidation	Kannan and Quine, 2013 (55)
						↓ Myocardial necrosis
						↓ TC, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, FFA, TGs
EA	streptozotocin-injected Wistar rats/HFD (60%)	40 mg/kg BW	16	—	—	↓ TC, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, FFA, TGs	Ahad et al., 2014 (56)
EA	streptozotocin-injected Wistar rats/HFD (60%)	40 mg/kg BW	16	—	—	↑ HDL cholesterol	Ahad et al., 2014 (56)
EA	streptozotocin-injected Wistar rats	2000 mg/kg BW	12	—	—	↓ Glucose, TGs	Rani et al., 2013 (57)
						↓ Lipid and collagen deposition in the aortic arch
						↓ Cyclin D1 expression in medial smooth muscle cells

*Expressed in percentage of total calories from fat. BW, body weight; CPT1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1; CRP, C-reactive protein; EA, ellagic acid; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; FAS, fatty acid synthase; FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21; HFD, high-fat diet; HFEA, hydroalcoholic fruit extract of avocado; HFHS, high fat and high sucrose; LDLr, LDL receptor; LPL, lipoprotein lipase; MGP, muscadine grape polyphenol; MI, myocardial infarction; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2; PE, pomegranate extract; PLE, pomegranate leaf extract; PPARG, peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma; RSF, red raspberry seed flour; SD, Sprague–Dawley; TC, total cholesterol; ↓, decrease; ↑, increase.