Measure	Description
Socio- Demographics	Gender	a binary variable of male or female
	Poverty	a binary variable of whether the family’s income in 1967 fell below the poverty line for the household sizea
	Mother’s Education	the number of years of school the mother had completed at the time of the interview in 1966–1967 (range 0–18)
Family	Family Size	the number of children < 19 years old in the household during childhood (range 1–15)
	Female-Headed Household	a dichotomous variable of whether a child was living in a “mother alone” household or not in first grade
	Residential Mobility	the number of times a child had moved in the six years between his or her birth and the time of the interview in 1966–1967 (range 0–9)
	Family Discipline	a composite score of mother report at the 1966–67 interview (range 1–9): how often was the child spanked (range: never to almost every day), and how often the child got punished (range: hardly ever to always) (r=.27, p < .001)
	Family Affection	a summed score (range 1–7) (r = .19, p < .001) of two questions: how often did the mother play with/read to the child; how often did the child get taken out (range: never to every week)
	Mother’s depression	based on mother reports of frequency of feeling sad or blue on a scale of 0 to 3, ranging from hardly ever to very often
	Mother’s anxiety	based on mother reports of frequency of feeling nervous, tense, or edgy on a scale of 0 to 3, ranging from hardly ever to very often
Early Social Adaptation	Aggression	first grade teacher observation rating of aggressive behavior, ranging from 0 to 3, adapting to severely maladapting
	Shyness	first grade teacher observation rating of shy behavior, ranging from 0 to 3, adapting to severely maladapting
	Inattention	first grade teacher observation rating of ability to focus, ranging from 0 to 3, adapting to severely maladapting
	Underachievement	first grade teacher observation rating of achievement, ranging from 0 to 3, adapting to severely maladapting
	Immaturity	first grade teacher observation rating of maturity, ranging from 0 to 3, adapting to severely maladapting
	Reading Grades	first grade teacher rating of reading skills (range: unsatisfactory to excellent)
	Math Grades	first grade teacher rating of math skills (range: unsatisfactory to excellent)
	Classroom Conduct Scores	first grade teacher rating of each child’s general classroom conduct (range: unsatisfactory to excellent)
Adolescent Risk Behaviors	Adolescent Status Offending	a mean scale of 6 status offenses (e.g., run away from home) drawn from the adolescent and young adulthood assessments (range: never, once, more than once)
	Adolescent Violent Offending	a mean scale of 14 violent offenses (e.g., get into a serious fight) drawn from the adolescent and young adulthood assessments (range: never, once, more than once)
	Adolescent Non-violent Offending	a mean scale of 9 non-violent offenses (e.g., damage school property) drawn from the adolescent and young adulthood assessments (range: never, once, more than once)
	Early Onset of Smoking	a binary variable of smoking a full cigarette before age 15
	Early Onset of Alcohol	a binary variable of drinking more than a sip of beer, wine, or hard liquor before age 15
	Early Onset of Marijuana	a binary variable of initiating marijuana use before age 15
	High School Dropout	a binary variable indicating whether someone dropped out of school prior to graduation versus being a high school graduate or receiving a GED
	Teen Parent	a binary variable indicating whether someone became a parent before age 20 as opposed to never a parent or a parent after age 20

^aFor those who were missing data on this variable, poverty was assessed using the measure of whether the family was supported by welfare. Those who received welfare were considered to be below the poverty line since the eligibility requirement for receiving welfare in Illinois at this time was living below the poverty level. Moreover, welfare benefits were not sufficient to raise a family income to above the poverty level (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). Poverty and welfare are highly associated in this sample (χ² = 392.65, p<.001).