Table 2.
Incident Cardiovascular Events and Death Associated With Time‐Varying CES‐D Scoresa
| Time‐Varying Categorical CES‐D (Score ≥4 vs <4), HR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Black | White | |
| CHD | n=895 | n=377 | n=518 |
| Unadjusted | 1.15 (0.93–1.42) | 1.32 (0.99–1.75) | 0.97 (0.70–1.34) |
| Model 1b | 1.16 (0.93–1.43) | 1.24 (0.93–1.66) | 1.02 (0.74–1.42) |
| Model 2c | 1.14 (0.92–1.42) | 1.22 (0.91–1.64) | 1.00 (0.72–1.39) |
| Model 3d | 1.11 (0.89–1.38) | 1.17 (0.87–1.57) | 0.98 (0.70–1.36) |
| Strokee | n=663 | n=299 | n=364 |
| Unadjusted | 1.35 (1.07–1.70)f | 1.34 (0.97–1.84) | 1.29 (0.91–1.82) |
| Model 1b | 1.31 (1.04–1.67)f | 1.28 (0.93–1.77) | 1.30 (0.91–1.85) |
| Model 2c | 1.30 (1.02–1.65)f | 1.28 (0.95–1.77) | 1.29 (0.91–1.84) |
| Model 3d | 1.26 (0.99–1.60)f | 1.28 (0.92–1.78) | 1.23 (0.86–1.76) |
| CVD death | n=702 | n=376 | n=326 |
| Unadjusted | 1.49 (1.20–1.85)f | 1.41 (1.08–1.86)f | 1.40 (0.98–1.98) |
| Model 1b | 1.36 (1.09–1.70)f | 1.35 (1.02–1.80)f | 1.29 (0.90–1.86) |
| Model 2c | 1.35 (1.08–1.68)f | 1.35 (1.01–1.79)f | 1.29 (0.90–1.85) |
| Model 3d | 1.30 (1.04–1.63)f | 1.28 (0.96–1.71) | 1.25 (0.83–1.80) |
HR and 95% CI were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression models. CES‐D indicates Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio.
Excludes participants with baseline CVD (history of CHD, stroke, peripheral artery disease, aortic aneurism). All participants’ follow‐up time ended at the time of the end point, death, or last follow‐up. End of follow‐up was December 31, 2012. CES‐D measurements taken after an end point or end of follow‐up were not considered. Missing data in covariates were imputed.
Adjusted for demographics: age, sex, region, income, health insurance, education, and traditional CHD risk factors (systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and medication use [aspirin, statins, any antihypertensive medications], body mass index, log of albumin:creatinine ratio, diabetes mellitus).
Adjusted for model 1 covariates and behavioral risk factors: pack‐years of cigarette smoking, self‐reported alcohol use, physical inactivity, medication adherence. All‐cause mortality models also adjusted for self‐reported physical health (Short Form 12, Physical Component Summary).
Adjusted for model 2 covariates and other physiological factors: log of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, antidepressant use, QT interval corrected for heart rate.
Models of stroke also adjusted for atrial fibrillation and left ventricular hypertrophy.
P<0.05.