Table 1.

Cellular processes regulated by the transcription factors activated by the three canonical unfolded protein response signaling pathways

PERK Pathway (transcription factors: ATF4/CHOP/GADD34)

Protein synthesis

Amino acid metabolism

Cell survival

Autophagy

Oxidant defense

Inflammation

IRE1 pathway (transcription factor: sXBP1)

Protein synthesis

Protein chaperoning/folding

Protein transport/degradation

Cholesterol metabolism/cell membrane synthesis

Cell survival

Autophagy

Inflammation

ATF6 pathway (transcription factor: ATF6N)

Protein chaperoning/folding

Protein transport/degradation

Mitochondrial biogenesis

Energy metabolism

Inflammation

Definition of abbreviations: ATF6 = activated transcription factor 6; CHOP = C/EBP-homologous protein; GADD34 = growth arrest and DNA damage; IRE1 = inositol requiring protein-1; PERK = PKR-like ER kinase; sXBP1 = spliced X-box binding protein 1.