Table 3. Total annual hookworm-associated anemia cases and hookworm infections with consequent health outcomes, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and costs [median (95% uncertainty interval), in millions] due to hookworm infection by global region and worldwide in 2016 without cognitive impairment using the 2004 disability weight estimates and GNI per capita as a proxy for annual wages.
| Number with Hookworm-Associated Anemia | Number Hookworm Infections with Consequent Health Outcomes | Total DALYsa | Total Costs (Method 1, DW)a | Total Costs (Method 2, Hb Levels) | Total Costs (Method 3, Loss of Productivity) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Estimate Study | ||||||
| Africa | 14,786,448 (2,923,941–42,015,333) | 15,073,893 (3,354,343–42,370,871) | 357,582 (73,903–1,012,618) | 835 (197–2,314) | 5,936 (500–29,886) | 1,687 (350–47,72) |
| Americas | 2,897,418 (385,742–8,473,483) | 2,897,418 (385,742–8,473,483) | 69,538 (9,258–203,364) | 622 (79–1,833) | 4,359 (143–24,847) | 1,295 (164–3,818) |
| Eastern Mediterranean | 1,181,202 (166,087–3,484,810) | 1,181,202 (166,087–3,484,810) | 28,349 (3,986–83,635) | 101 (13–298) | 715 (22–4,101) | 210 (27–621) |
| Europe | 12,518 (713–38,742) | 12,518 (713–38,742) | 300 (17–930) | 3 (0–8) | 18 (0–102) | 5 (0–16) |
| South-East Asia | 15,389,380 (2,198,681–45,800,921) | 15,389,380 (2,198,681–45,800,921) | 369,345 (52,768–1,099,222) | 737 (102–2,201) | 5,320 (179–30,330) | 1,534 (212–4,585) |
| Western Pacific | 31,795,304 (3,737,079–100,206,191) | 31,839,962 (3,899,100–100,273,205) | 763,695 (90,110–2,406,237) | 5,823 (658–18,432) | 40,721 (1,024–235,929) | 12,125 (1,362–38,395) |
| Worldwide | 65,594,860 (9,444,920–199,553,212) | 65,928,660 (9,919,954–199,793,382) | 1,577,833 (230,769–4,792,622) | 8,141 (1,062–25,148) | 56,768 (1,864–318,404) | 16,887 (2,137–52,344) |
| Median Estimate Study | ||||||
| Africa | 18,761,570 (9,646,619–29,951,265) | 19,051,955 (9,990,010–30,143,441) | 453,025 (234,065–721,702) | 1,062 (571–1,660) | 8,772 (749–26,966) | 2,159 (1,135–3,384) |
| Americas | 3,819,361 (1,983,431–6,291,344) | 3,819,361 (1,983,432–6,291,344) | 91,665 (47,602–150,992) | 825 (422–1,370) | 7,162 (170–22,065) | 1,718 (879–2,855) |
| Eastern Mediterranean | 1,548,628 (829,247–2,546,105) | 1,548,628 (829,247–2,546,105) | 37,167 (19,902–61,107) | 133 (72–218) | 1,141 (28–3,692) | 276 (150–454) |
| Europe | 17,591 (9,253–29,524) | 17,591 (9,253–29,524) | 422 (222–709) | 4 (2–6) | 30 (0–101) | 7 (4–13) |
| South-East Asia | 20,713,502 (10,609,194–34,340,345) | 20,713,502 (10,609,194–34,340,345) | 497,124 (254,621–824,168) | 993 (517–1,652) | 8,494 (209–27,338) | 2,069 (1,078–3,441) |
| Western Pacific | 43,279,170 (22,008,233–72,731,777) | 43,391,267 (22,085,818–72,755,427) | 1,039,728 (528,738–1,745,854) | 7,899 (3,989–13,381) | 65,597 (1,120–215,830) | 16,455 (8,305–27,876) |
| Worldwide | 88,446,791 (45,965,585–141832153) | 88,801,614 (46,336,714–142,143,466) | 2,126,280 (1,105,778–3,408,973) | 10,976 (5,676–17,949) | 90,763 (2,348–300,177) | 22,805 (11,765–37,329) |
| High Estimate Study | ||||||
| Africa | 35,276,980 (18,402,627–56,010,460) | 355,31,461 (18,815,101–56,204,962) | 850,099 (444,902–1,348,344) | 1,918 (1,018–3,019) | 15,466 (2,479–40,757) | 3,930 (2,070–6,226) |
| Americas | 6,331,736 (3,249,533–10,297,000) | 6,331,738 (3,249,534–10,297,001) | 151,962 (77,989–247,128) | 1,367 (691–2,248) | 10,977 (1,101–30,452) | 2,848 (1,440–46,83) |
| Eastern Mediterranean | 2,646,728 (1,376,459–4,228,235) | 2,646,728 (1,376,459–4,228,235) | 63,521 (3,3035–101,478) | 222 (114–350) | 1,781 (168–4,951) | 462 (237–730) |
| Europe | 25,354 (12,885–41,666) | 25,354 (12,885–41,666) | 608 (309–1,000) | 5 (3–8) | 41 (0–133) | 11 (5–18) |
| South-East Asia | 34,669,373 (17,306,619–56,921,277) | 34,669,373 (17,306,619–56,921,277) | 832,065 (415,359–1,366,111) | 1,641 (814–2,671) | 13,165 (1,196–37,469) | 3,419 (1,697–5,565) |
| Western Pacific | 67,324,355 (34,639,136–121,283,469) | 67,385,723 (34,671,441–121,287,445) | 1,616,311 (831,409–2,910,886) | 12,283 (6,265–22,206) | 98,721 (7,582–306,239) | 25,585 (13,049–46,258) |
| Worldwide | 146,401,508 (76,158,881–245,420,243) | 146,675,199 (76,471,898–245,631,435) | 3,515,858 (1,830,282–5,894,024) | 17,440 (8,958–29,837) | 138,875 (12,690–412,953) | 36,253 (18,593–62,067) |
Note: Hb = hemoglobin; DW = disability weight
aIncludes outcomes of anemia and heavy intensity infection