Table S1.

Number of events of exacerbations of respiratory symptoms in population-recruited cases by sex, age, smoking status, education, and FEV₁% predicted

Variable	Resource-defined exacerbations	Kwallis with ties, P-values	Symptom-defined exacerbations	Kwallis with ties, P-values
Age (yrs), mean (SD)		0.0085		0.3965
<50	1.3 (1.5)		2.3 (2.9)
50–65	0.2 (0.6)		3.9 (7.8)
>65	0.5 (1.1)		1.5 (2.9)
Sex, mean (SD)		0.1015		0.0910
Female	0.6 (1.2)		4.0 (5.4)
Male	0.2 (0.8)		2.3 (6.5)
Smoking status, mean (SD)		0.2638		0.0939
Current	0.4 (0.7)		3.3 (8.1)
Ex-smoker	0.4 (1.1)		2.4 (3.9)
Pack-years, mean (SD)		0.7691		0.0959
<20	0.3 (0.6)		1.8 (3.4)
20–40	0.4 (1.0)		4.1 (8.2)
>40	0.5 (1.3)		2.2 (5.0)
Education, mean (SD)		0.0254		0.8132
Primary	0.2 (0.5)		3.2 (8.3)
Secondary	0.8 (1.4)		2.9 (4.8)
University	0.1 (0.2)		2.3 (3.7)
FEV1% predicted, mean (SD)		0.0437		0.7227
50–80	0.2 (0.6)		2.9 (6.6)
30–50	0.8 (1.2)		2.4 (3.2)
<30	2.3 (2.6)		2.5 (3.1)
Number of comorbid conditions, mean (SD)		0.4162		0.2860
0	0.3 (0.6)		3.9 (9.2)
1	0.4 (1.1)		2.0 (3.7)
2	0.2 (0.4)		1.2 (1.8)
≥3	0.9 (1.4)		4.3 (5.0)
Maintenance therapy, mean (SD)		0.0008		0.0008
Yes	0.7 (1.2)		4.6 (8.0)
No	0.1 (0.2)		1.1 (2.4)
Influenza vaccination, mean (SD)		0.7422		0.2584
Yes	0.5 (1.2)		2.3 (3.4)
No	0.3 (0.8)		3.2 (7.3)
Pneumococcal vaccination, mean (SD)		0.8876		0.0457
Yes	0.3 (0.5)		5.3 (4.3)
No	0.4 (1.0)		2.7 (6.3)
BMI, mean (SD)		0.0007		0.1241
Underweight	2.7 (1.5)		8.7 (8.6)
Normal range	0.3 (0.8)		4.1 (8.9)
Overweight	0.3 (0.8)		1.7 (2.9)

Notes: Exacerbations are defined by increased consumption of resources or by symptoms (Anthonisen criteria). The number of events is given as mean (SD).

Abbreviations: FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; SD, standard deviation; Kwallis, Kruskal–Wallis; yrs, years; BMI, body mass index.