Figure 1.
Bionic technologies for restorative medicine. (A) Cochlear implant [18]. (B) AbioCor self-contained replacement heart [1]. (C) Powered ankle-foot prosthetic controlled by a neuromuscular model [19]. (D) Epiretinal, subretinal, and suprachoroidal implants [21]. (E) Electronic dura mater, “e-dura,” tailored for the spinal cord [22]. (F) A skin-inspired digital mechanoreceptor, where the image shows a model hand with DiTact sensors on the fingertips connected with stretchable interconnects [12]. Reprinted with permission from Refs. [18], [1], [19], [21], [22], [12], respectively. Copyright 2009 Nature Publishing Group, 2002 American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2010 IEEE, 2013 American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2015 American Association for the Advancement of Science.