Table 2. Summary of select near infrared light actuated delivery-on-demand systems compared to reported system.

Wavelength	Power	Time	Chromophore	Outcome	Ref.
808 nm (CW diode laser)	2.56W/cm2	10 min	PEG-PLGA-Au half-shell nanoparticles (120 nm diameter)	0.25 mg/kg DOX released 24 h post-injection by NIR irradiation. DOX persisted for 72 h in tumor	[55]
808 nm (CW diode laser)	600mW	5, 10 min	Gold nanorods (50 × 10 nm)	All DOX released with 10 min exposure. Very little at 5 min. despite ΔT = 40°C within 1 min.	[56]
1064nm (Nd:YVO4 laser)	750mW	30 s	Gold nanorods (65 × 11 nm)	Rapid release of rhodamine-labeled dextran from NiPAAm hydrogels (d = 140 μm)	[57]
980 nm (NIR laser)	0.7W/cm2	20 min	Hallow CuS nanoparticles (0.1 mg/mL)	60% of camptothecin released after 3× 20 min (4.5% to 18.8% bursts) NIR light exposures over 80 h.	[58]
980 nm (CW NIR laser)	2.8W/cm2	12 min	NIR-to-UV upconversion nanoparticles	siRNA for GFP photocaged by 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitroacetophenone significantly decreased GFP fluorescence intensity 32 h post-exposure to NIR	[59]
980 nm (CW diode laser)	1W	5 min	water	70% release of fluorescein after 5× 5 min NIR light exposures from PLGA delivery vehicle (size =0.5 μm; Tg = 42°C) over 90 min.	[47]
658 nm (laser)	300mW	4 min	(HPPH)-lipids	Minimal release of DOX for 2 days when soaked in 10% serum; 100 % release of DOX after 4 min of exposure to NIR light.	[60]
900 nm (non-coherent light)	750mW	1 min	cardiogreen	80% of BSA released from NiPAAm after 4× 1 min (11-12% bursts) NIR light exposures over 96 h (4 days).

Acronyms: continuous wave, CW; polyethylene glycol, PEG; poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA; doxorubicin, DOX; near infrared, NIR; poly (N-isopropylacrylamide), NiPAAm; ultraviolet, UV; small interfering ribonucleic acid, siRNA; green fluorescent protein, GFP; devinyl hexyloxyethy-pyropheophorbide, HPPH; bovine serum albumin, BSA.