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. 2016 Sep 9;7:1412. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01412

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The fumonisin biosynthetic (fum) and ochratoxin biosynthetic (ota) gene clusters in A. niger, as well as structures of an analog of each of the corresponding mycotoxins. Arrows represent genes and point in the direction of transcription. Due to space limitations, only numbers are given for some fum and ota genes (i.e., in the fum cluster, 19, 15, and 21 indicate fum19, fum15, and fum21 respectively). The predicted functions of the ota genes based on sequence homology to genes of known function are indicated below each gene: PKS for polyketide synthase; NRPS for non-ribosomal peptide synthetase; P450 for cytochrome P450 monooxygenase; TF for bZIP transcription factor, and HAL for halogenase. ota1, ota2, ota3, ota4, and ota5 correspond to gene models An15g07880, An15g07890, An15g07900, An15g07910, and An15g07920, respectively, in A. niger strain CBS 513.88 (Pel et al., 2007; Ferracin et al., 2012) and gene models 151162, 402289, 398584, 407763, and 51750, respectively, in the genome database for A. carbonarius strain ITEM 5010 at the Joint Genome Institute (http://jgi.doe.gov/carbonarius/) (Nordberg et al., 2014). In the fum cluster, the gene labeled as s is the dehydrogenase gene sdr1 (Susca et al., 2014a).