Table 2.
Strain designations, crop and geographic origins, FB2 and OTA production, and mycotoxin biosynthetic gene amplification patterns for A. niger and A. welwitschiae isolates examined in this study.
| ITEM | Species | Substrate | Origin | FB2 (μg/g) | fum amplicon pattern | OTA (μg/kg) | ota amplicon pattern |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4501 | A. niger | 0.4 | f-1 | − | o-1 | ||
| 9568 | A. niger | + | f-1 | + | o-1 | ||
| 11461 | A. niger | Almonds | USA | 6.4 | nd | − | o-2 |
| 11432 | A. niger | Cashew nuts | Brazil | 18.7 | nd | − | o-2 |
| 11433 | A. niger | Cashew nuts | Brazil | 36.7 | nd | − | o-2 |
| 11446 | A. niger | Cashew nuts | Brazil | 41.7 | nd | − | o-2 |
| 11449 | A. niger | Cashew nuts | Brazil | 40.4 | nd | − | o-2 |
| 11451 | A. niger | Cashew nuts | Brazil | 29.1 | nd | − | o-2 |
| 11558 | A. niger | Cashew nuts | India | 3.2 | nd | − | o-2 |
| 5218 | A. niger | Grape | Greece | − | f-1 | − | o-2 |
| 5219 | A. niger | Grape | Greece | − | f-1 | − | o-2 |
| 5276 | A. niger | Grape | Greece | 0.6 | f-1 | − | o-2 |
| 7090 | A. niger | Grape | Italy | − | f-1 | − | o-2 |
| 7091 | A. niger | Grape | Italy | 3.3 | f-1 | − | o-2 |
| 10355 | A. niger | Grape | Italy | − | f-1 | − | o-2 |
| 15310 | A. niger | Maize | USA | − | f-1 | n.t. | nd |
| 15342 | A. niger | Maize | USA | − | f-1 | n.t. | nd |
| 15369 | A. niger | Maize | USA | − | f-1 | n.t. | nd |
| 15374 | A. niger | Maize | USA | 0.1 | f-1 | n.t. | nd |
| 12736 | A. niger | Pistachio | Italia | 9.5 | nd | − | o-2 |
| 10939 | A. niger | Pistachio | USA | 4.3 | nd | − | o-2 |
| 10924 | A. niger | Raisins | Turkey | 2.8 | nd | − | o-2 |
| 10927 | A. niger | Raisins | Turkey | 10.7 | nd | − | o-2 |
| 11930 | A. niger | Raisins | Turkey | 7.8 | nd | − | o-2 |
| 11941 | A. niger | Raisins | Turkey | 1.1 | nd | − | o-2 |
| 14275 | A. niger | Raisins | Turkey | 0.6 | f-1 | − | o-2 |
| 14281 | A. niger | Raisins | Turkey | 0.5 | f-1 | − | o-2 |
| 11196 | A. welwitschiae | Almonds | Italy | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 11197 | A. welwitschiae | Almonds | Italy | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 11435 | A. welwitschiae | Cashew nuts | Brazil | 19.2 | f-1 | − | o-2 |
| 11447 | A. welwitschiae | Cashew nuts | Brazil | 44.4 | f-1 | − | o-2 |
| 11774 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Argentina | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 11778 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Argentina | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 11786 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Argentina | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 11828 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Argentina | − | f-13 | 40.0 | nd |
| 11836 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Argentina | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 11844 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Argentina | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 11854 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Argentina | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 11867 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Argentina | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 5253 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Greece | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 5267 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Greece | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 5277 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Greece | 10.9 | f-1 | − | o-2 |
| 4717 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Italy | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 4853 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Italy | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 4858 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Italy | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 4863 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Italy | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 6122 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Italy | − | f-13 | − | nd |
| 6126 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Italy | − | f-13 | 280.0 | nd |
| 6127 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Italy | − | f-12 | − | nd |
| 6128 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Italy | − | f-12 | − | o-2 |
| 7097 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Italy | 7.5 | f-1 | 590.0 | o-1 |
| 7468 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Italy | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 10353 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Italy | − | f-9 | − | o-2 |
| 4552 | A. welwitschiae | grape | Portugal | − | f-13 | 45.0 | o-1 |
| 6140 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Portugal | − | f-7 | − | o-2 |
| 6142 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Portugal | − | f-7 | 545.0 | o-1 |
| 6144 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Portugal | − | f-9 | 380.0 | nd |
| 4947 | A. welwitschiae | Grape | Spain | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 15095 | A. welwitschiae | Maize | Italy | 0.1 | f-1 | n.t. | nd |
| 15179 | A. welwitschiae | Maize | Italy | − | f-3 | n.t. | nd |
| 15309 | A. welwitschiae | Maize | USA | − | f-2 | n.t. | nd |
| 13288 | A. welwitschiae | Pistachio | Iran | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 11734 | A. welwitschiae | Pistachio | USA | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 12780 | A. welwitschiae | Pistachio | USA | − | f-12 | − | o-2 |
| 10635 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-12 | − | o-2 |
| 10636 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 10637 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-12 | − | o-2 |
| 10929 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-4 | − | nd |
| 10932 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-11 | − | o-2 |
| 10935 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | 2.9 | f-1 | − | o-2 |
| 11925 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 11931 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-11 | − | o-2 |
| 11943 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 11945 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | 25.3 | f-1 | − | o-2 |
| 11948 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-12 | 30.0 | nd |
| 11980 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-10 | 50.0 | nd |
| 11982 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 11984 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-12 | 55.0 | nd |
| 11990 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-12 | − | o-2 |
| 12113 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-12 | − | o-2 |
| 12115 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-13 | 40.0 | nd |
| 12246 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-13 | − | nd |
| 12591 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-5 | 110.0 | nd |
| 12594 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 14297 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | 9.5 | f-1 | 35.0 | nd |
| 14303 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | 3.5 | f-1 | 45.0 | nd |
| 14305 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | 3.6 | f-1 | 45.0 | nd |
| 14307 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-13 | − | nd |
| 14308 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | 1.0 | f-1 | 40.0 | nd |
| 14309 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-8 | 45.0 | nd |
| 14310 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | Turkey | − | f-13 | − | nd |
| 12120 | A. welwitschiae | Raisins | USA | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 10908 | A. welwitschiae | Walnuts | Chile | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 10910 | A. welwitschiae | Walnuts | Chile | − | f-13 | − | o-2 |
| 11209 | A. welwitschiae | Walnuts | China | − | f-6 | − | o-2 |
−: Not detected with the limit of detection (LOD): 5 μg/kg (OTA), 0.1 μg/g (FB2). nt: not tested; nd: not determined. bold type: species reference strain. +: strain reported in literature as mycotoxin producer (Andersen et al., 2011).