Table 4.
Hierarchical Regression Analyses Predicting Perceived Barriers to Cessation from Reasons for Smoking Subscales while Controlling for Covariates
| Treatment Initiators (N = 353) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Criterion | Predictor | B | SE | t | β | ||
| BCS | Step 1 | Covariates | Gender | 4.91 | 1.06 | 4.62 | 0.23*** |
| Health | −0.89 | 0.87 | −1.03 | −0.05 | |||
| LFCD | 0.66 | 0.60 | 1.10 | 0.05 | |||
| PANAS-NA | 0.55 | 0.08 | 6.97 | 0.34*** | |||
| BCS | Step 2 | Covariates and RFS subscales Except NR | Gender | 4.14 | 0.95 | 4.36 | 0.19*** |
| Health | −0.51 | 0.76 | −0.67 | −0.03 | |||
| LFCD | −0.68 | 0.57 | −1.19 | −0.06 | |||
| PANAS-NA | 0.37 | 0.07 | 5.16 | 0.23*** | |||
| RFS-Habitual | −1.05 | 0.82 | −1.28 | −0.07 | |||
| RFS-Addictive | 5.23 | 0.79 | 6.60 | 0.38*** | |||
| RFS-Pleasure | 0.69 | 0.64 | 1.08 | 0.05 | |||
| RFS-Stimulation | 0.63 | 0.60 | 1.05 | 0.05 | |||
| RFS-Sensorimotor | 1.71 | 0.56 | 3.07 | 0.15** | |||
| BCS | Step 3 | Covariates and All RFS subscales | Gender | 3.71 | 0.97 | 3.83 | 0.17*** |
| Health | −0.33 | 0.76 | −0.43 | −0.02 | |||
| LFCD | −0.79 | 0.57 | −1.39 | −0.06 | |||
| PANAS-NA | 0.33 | 0.07 | 4.50 | 0.20*** | |||
| RFS-Habitual | −1.25 | 0.82 | −1.52 | −0.08 | |||
| RFS-Addictive | 4.50 | 0.86 | 5.23 | 0.32*** | |||
| RFS-Pleasure | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.89 | 0.04 | |||
| RFS-Stimulation | 0.30 | 0.62 | 0.49 | 0.03 | |||
| RFS-Sensorimotor | 1.60 | 0.56 | 2.87 | 0.14** | |||
| RFS-NR | 1.90 | 0.91 | 2.10 | 0.14* | |||
| Treatment Non-Initiators (N = 72) | |||||||
| Criterion | Predictor | B | SE B | t | β | ||
| BCS | Step 1 | Covariates | Gender | 3.87 | 2.64 | 1.47 | 0.17 |
| Health | −0.85 | 2.04 | −0.42 | −0.05 | |||
| LFCD | 0.16 | 1.24 | 0.13 | 0.02 | |||
| PANAS-NA | 0.54 | 0.18 | 3.00 | 0.34** | |||
| BCS | Step 2 | Covariates and RFS subscales Except NR | Gender | 2.24 | 2.29 | 0.98 | 0.10 |
| Health | −0.43 | 1.74 | −0.25 | −0.03 | |||
| LFCD | 0.77 | 1.11 | 0.70 | 0.07 | |||
| PANAS-NA | 0.20 | 0.18 | 1.12 | 0.12 | |||
| RFS-Habitual | −2.70 | 1.97 | −1.37 | −0.17 | |||
| RFS-Addictive | 7.15 | 2.02 | 3.54 | 0.42** | |||
| RFS-Pleasure | 0.80 | 1.49 | 0.54 | 0.06 | |||
| RFS-Stimulation | 3.12 | 1.56 | 2.00 | 0.23* | |||
| RFS-Sensorimotor | 2.32 | 1.28 | 1.82 | 0.20 | |||
| BCS | Step 3 | Covariates and All RFS subscales | Gender | 1.67 | 2.21 | 0.76 | 0.07 |
| Health | 0.54 | 1.71 | 0.32 | 0.03 | |||
| LFCD | 0.40 | 1.07 | 0.37 | 0.04 | |||
| PANAS-NA | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.56 | 0.06 | |||
| RFS-Habitual | −2.69 | 1.88 | −1.43 | −0.17 | |||
| RFS-Addictive | 4.31 | 2.23 | 1.93 | 0.25 | |||
| RFS-Pleasure | 0.36 | 1.44 | 0.25 | 0.03 | |||
| RFS-Stimulation | 1.33 | 1.65 | 0.80 | 0.10 | |||
| RFS-Sensorimotor | 1.84 | 1.24 | 1.49 | 0.16 | |||
| RFS-NR | 5.02 | 1.96 | 2.56 | 0.39* | |||
Note.
***
p < .001
**
p < .01
*
p < .05.
Gender: 1 = Male and 2 = Female; Health = larger scores reflected occurrence of multiple markers of tobacco-related disease; LFCD = Latency to first cigarette of the day taken from Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker, & Fagerstrom, 1991); PANAS-NA = Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Negative Affect Subscale (Watson et al., 1988); BCS = Barriers to Cessation Scale (Macnee et al., 1995); RFS = Reason for Smoking Scale (Ikard et al., 1969).