Table 1.
Sample demographics and prevalence of pregnancy related maternal health outcomes among women in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (N = 1,049a)
| Total (N = 1,049) % (n) | Prenatal care in first trimester (46.3 %, n = 485) % (n) | No weight gain (8.1 %, n = 83) % (n) | Pain during intercourse (15.6 %, n = 163) % (n) | High blood pressure (11.2 %, n = 113) % (n) | Vaginal bleeding (8.8 %, n = 92) % (n) | Premature rupture of membranes (10.8 %, n = 113) % (n) | Premature birth (13.8 %, n = 144) % (n) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||||||
| < 20 years | 7.6 (81) | 63.0 (51)* | 8.8 (7) | 19.7 (16)** | 11.1 (9)** | 7.4 (6) | 9.9 (8) | 22.2 (18)** |
| 20–24 years | 48.1 (504) | 53.5 (261) | 8.7 (43) | 15.7 (79) | 9.5 (46) | 9.6 (48) | 11.4 (57) | 13.2 (66) |
| 25–29 years | 29.4 (308) | 38.7 (115) | 7.3 (22) | 16.6 (51) | 11.8 (35) | 7.5 (23) | 9.4 (29) | 12.1 (37) |
| > 30 years | 14.9 (156) | 40.0 (58) | 7.2 (11) | 11.0 (17) | 16.0 (23) | 9.7 (15) | 12.3 (19) | 14.9 (23) |
| Any Formal Education | ||||||||
| Yes | 84.2 (883) | 50.9 (440)* | 8.0 (70) | 15.9 (140) | 11.3 (97) | 8.7 (77) | 10.1 (89)** | 15.2 (134)* |
| No | 15.7 (166) | 30.6 (45) | 8.2 (13) | 14.1 (23) | 10.8 (16) | 9.2 (15) | 14.6 (24) | 6.1 (10) |
| Religion | ||||||||
| Hindu | 37.7 (395) | 52.9 (203)* | 6.7 (26) | 11.5 (45)* | 10.0 (38) | 7.4 (29) | 8.6 (34)** | 13.0 (51) |
| Muslim | 58.9 (618) | 44.0 (260) | 9.1 (55) | 18.7 (115) | 11.9 (70) | 9.7 (60) | 12.5 (77) | 14.0 (86) |
| Other | 3.4 (36) | 61.1 (22) | 5.6 (2) | 8.3 (3) | 13.9 (5) | 8.3 (3) | 5.6 (2) | 19.4 (7) |
| Household income (rupees) | ||||||||
| < =3,000 | 23.2 (243) | 37.0 (87)* | 12.6 (30)* | 14.9 (36) | 14.0 (33) | 12.8 (31)* | 12.8 (31) | 14.5 (35)* |
| > 3,000 and < =4,500 | 24.9 (261) | 44.7 (109) | 10.8 (27) | 14.2 (37) | 9.4 (23) | 9.2 (24) | 9.2 (24) | 9.6 (25) |
| > 4,500 and < =7,000 | 27.0 (283) | 52.2 (143) | 4.6 (13) | 17.4 (49) | 8.2 (22) | 6.0 (17) | 9.9 (28) | 13.1 (37) |
| > 7,000 | 24.8 (260) | 56.6 (146) | 5.0 (13) | 15.8 (41) | 13.6 (35) | 7.7 (20) | 11.5 (30) | 18.1 (47) |
| Husband’s relative age to wife’s age | ||||||||
| < 5 years older | 56.0 (587) | 44.2 (259)** | 8.8 (51) | 15.9 (93) | 11.3 (64) | 8.0 (47)** | 11.6 (68) | 14.7 (86)** |
| 5–10 years older | 41.4 (434) | 48.7 (211) | 7.1 (30) | 15.1 (65) | 11.4 (47) | 10.4 (45) | 9.7 (42) | 11.8 (51) |
| > 10 years older | 2.7 (28) | 53.6 (15) | 7.4 (2) | 17.9 (5) | 7.7 (2) | 0.0 (0) | 10.7 (3) | 25.0 (7) |
| Husband Any Formal Education | ||||||||
| Yes | 87.6 (919) | 50.2 (446)* | 8.2 (74) | 16.0 (146) | 11.8 (104)** | 9.1 (83) | 10.9 (100) | 14.3 (131)** |
| No | 12.4 (130) | 31.7 (39) | 7.3 (9) | 13.2 (17) | 7.3 (9) | 7.0 (9) | 10.1 (13) | 10.1 (13) |
| Family Type | ||||||||
| Nuclear | 38.5 (403) | 42.9 (164)* | 6.4 (25)** | 12.0 (48)* | 10.0 (38) | 7.2 (29)** | 6.7 (27)* | 11.0 (44)* |
| Joint | 61.6 (645) | 51.0 (321) | 9.1 (58) | 17.9 (115) | 11.9 (75) | 9.8 (63) | 13.4 (86) | 15.5 (100) |
| Number of Other Children | ||||||||
| 0 | 40.4 (422) | 58.1 (245)* | 8.6 (36)** | 17.3 (73)** | 11.8 (49)** | 10.2 (43)** | 13.3 (55)** | 16.6 (70)** |
| 1 | 32.4 (338) | 45.0 (152) | 9.4 (31) | 16.0 (54) | 8.2 (27) | 6.8 (23) | 9.2 (31) | 11.3 (38) |
| 2–3 | 22.9 (239) | 31.8 (76) | 4.8 (11) | 13.9 (33) | 13.5 (30) | 10.5 (25) | 9.6 (23) | 12.2 (29) |
| 4+ | 4.3 (45) | 26.7 (12) | 11.4 (5) | 4.4 (2) | 15.4 (6) | 2.2 (1) | 4.4 (2) | 15.6 (7) |
aAll outcomes had less than 5 % missing responses and each bivariate analysis had less than with a missing response to the outcome or demographic variable
*Significant differences between groups observed (p < 0.05) and considered for inclusion in multivariate models
**Considered for inclusion in multivariate models (p < 0.30)