Table 1.

General characteristics

	AKI n=6	No AKI n=33	P value
Demographic findings
Age, years	43 (29–62)	46 (28–69)	0.89
Male gender	3 (50 %)	30 (91 %)	<0.05
Ethnicity			1.00
Caucasian	2 (33 %)	9 (27 %)	1.00
African	4 (67 %)	22 (67 %)	1.00
Asian	0 (0 %)	2 (6 %)	1.00
Adequate prophylaxis use	0 (0 %)	0 (0 %)	1.00
Symptoms ≥8 days	2 (33 %)	6 (19 %)	0.58
Nephrotoxic co-medicationa	1 (17 %)	4 (12 %)	1.00
Clinical findings
Temperature °C	39.5 (38.3–40.1)	38.4 (35.5–40.7)	0.11
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	100 (73–140)	125 (95–170)	0.08
Pulse rate beats/minute	111 (100–140)	95 (56–129)	<0.05
Glasgow coma scale	15 (15–15)	15 (11–15)	0.54
Laboratory findings
Creatinine, µmol/L	196 (77–1081)	96 (39–133)	<0.01
Urea, mmol/L	14.8 (9.1–55.8)	5.6 (2.7–33.6)	<0.001
Sodium, mmol/L	129 (120–136)	137 (127–141)	<0.01
Potassium, mmol/L	3.2 (2.9–3.9)	3.7 (3.3–4.5)	<0.05
Lactate, mmol/L	4.5 (1.9–5.8)	1.5 (0.6–4.6)	<0.001
Parasitaemia, parasites/µL	386,600 (45,900–1,380,600)	39,200 (64–678,400)	<0.05
sNGAL, ng/ml	700 (174–2287)	91 (19–204)	<0.001
uNGAL, ng/ml	5792 (376–22,028)	9 (1–240)	<0.001
uKIM-1, ng/ml	3.9 (1.8–7.8)	1.2 (0.1–8.7)	<0.01
uNGAL/ sNGAL	10.1 (0.4–25.1)	0.1 (0.0–2.6)	<0.001
uNGAL/uCreatinine	815.0 (5.4–2172.7)	0.8 (0.1–42.5)	<0.001
uKIM-1/uCreatinine	0.04 (0.02–0.08)	0.1 (0.0–2.9)	0.04
Concomitant bacterial infection	1 (17 %)	0 (0 %)	0.15
Outcome
Severe malaria (WHO 2014)	5 (83 %)	5 (15 %)	<0.01
Renal replacement therapy	3 (50 %)	0 (0 %)	<0.01
ICU admission	4 (67 %)	4 (12 %)	<0.05
Death	1 (17 %)	0 (0 %)	0.15

Continuous variables are given as median (range). Nominal variables are given as number (percentage)

P values <0.05 are considered significant

^aSelf-reported use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ACE-inhibitors, diuretics or lithium