Table 2.
Descriptive statistics for time 1 (T1) and time 2 (T2) (left) and age-related linear mixed-effects (LME) regression results (right) for task accuracy, reaction time, and ERP amplitude measures for the Oddball/Novelty, Go/Nogo, and Flanker tasks.
| Group means | Effect of age LME regression | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | ||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | B2 | SE | p | |
|
|
|||||||
| Accuracy (%) | |||||||
| Oddball/Novelty | 94.19 | 9.15 | 96.63 | 5.96 | 2.20 | .59 | <.001 * |
| Go/Nogo | 91.80 | 6.20 | 94.93 | 4.50 | 2.79 | .36 | <.001 * |
| Flanker | 93.20 | 7.79 | 96.30 | 5.19 | 2.51 | .52 | <.001 * |
| Reaction time (milliseconds) | |||||||
| Oddball/Novelty | 902.78 | 128.55 | 866.75 | 125.66 | −27.61 | 9.37 | .004 * |
| Go/Nogo | 417.71 | 80.11 | 448.99 | 79.66 | 24.80 | 5.50 | <.001 * |
| Flanker | 526.97 | 75.53 | 540.50 | 67.04 | 10.29 | 5.40 | .060 |
| Amplitude (microvolts) | |||||||
| Oddball/Novelty | |||||||
| Novelty-P3a | 5.75 | 8.74 | 4.87 | 7.76 | −.58 | .50 | .254 |
| Oddball-P3b | 18.88 | 7.86 | 16.10 | 6.90 | −2.98 | .47 | <.001 * |
| Go/Nogo | |||||||
| Go-N2 | −.53 | 4.21 | −.62 | 3.63 | −.16 | .24 | .509 |
| Nogo-N2 | −1.08 | 5.68 | −1.36 | 5.66 | −.15 | .28 | .608 |
| Go-P3 | 8.12 | 3.51 | 6.18 | 3.23 | −1.74 | .23 | <.001 * |
| Nogo-P3 | 14.37 | 5.70 | 11.68 | 5.37 | −2.25 | .39 | <.001 * |
| Go-CRN | 1.13 | 4.13 | .12 | 3.97 | −.77 | .32 | .018 |
| Nogo-ERN | −5.51 | 6.57 | −6.59 | 7.40 | −1.21 | .56 | .032 |
| Nogo-Pe | 12.16 | 8.36 | 10.88 | 10.61 | −1.34 | .68 | .052 |
| Flanker | |||||||
| Congruent-N2 | −1.85 | 4.04 | −1.33 | 3.79 | .23 | .27 | .400 |
| Incongruent-N2 | −1.96 | 4.09 | −1.15 | 3.83 | .43 | .27 | .124 |
| Congruent-P3 | 13.30 | 4.69 | 10.55 | 4.68 | −2.41 | .32 | <.001 * |
| Incongruent-P3 | 15.14 | 5.35 | 12.74 | 5.35 | −2.19 | .35 | <.001 * |
| Flanker-CRN | 2.78 | 4.77 | 1.69 | 4.88 | −.74 | .36 | .042 |
| Flanker-ERN | −.88 | 5.76 | −2.21 | 6.62 | −1.27 | .50 | .013 |
| Flanker-Pe | 17.40 | 9.53 | 14.61 | 11.51 | −1.91 | .87 | .030 |
| ERP factors (standard deviations) | |||||||
| P3-F | .24 | .99 | −.25 | .96 | −46 | .06 | <.001 * |
| N2-F | −.05 | .95 | .01 | 1.00 | .07 | .05 | .192 |
| RN-F | .14 | .94 | −.06 | 1.01 | −.16 | .07 | .019 |
Note: The three bottom-most rows display values for factors extracted using principal components analysis reflecting primary dimensions of variance in ERP amplitude scores (see Methods). Of the forty-eight families that participated across the two sessions (mean age at T1 = 15.5 years [SD = .9]; T2 = 16.4 years [SD = .9]), available ERP scores (see text) for the different tasks and accuracies differed slightly: Go/Nogo incorrect at T1 = 92; Go/Nogo correct at T1 = 92; Go/Nogo incorrect at T2 = 95; Go/Nogo correct at T2 = 96; Flanker incorrect at T1 = 91; Flanker correct at T1 = 94; Flanker incorrect at T2 = 93; Flanker correct at T2 = 96. Coefficients (B2) from LME models depict the average rate of change associated with a one-year increase in age, accompanied by standard errors (SEs) and significance-values (p).
Indicates the p-value falls below the .01 cutoff adopted for this study.