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. 2016 Sep 9;6:33102. doi: 10.1038/srep33102

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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The brief interactions between blood circulation and the liver are depicted. The gut microbiota might contribute to the systemic metabolic disorder. PTX administration could upregulate the expression of genes and proteins related to fatty acid β-oxidation and thereby ameliorate the fatty liver in the mice with combined NAFLD and T2D. Furthermore, the glycolysis pathway and BCAA-related pathways could be upregulated by PTX. The red and yellow arrows represent significant (P < 0.05) and moderate (P > 0.05) changes induced by PTX. The arrow direction indicates PTX-induced upregulation or downregulation.