Table 2.
The associations of food groups and dietary components with the risk of cancer mortality among men, by ethnicity.
| Ethnic Group: | African American | Native Hawaiian | Japanese American |
Latino | Caucasian | All Ethnic Groups |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases/Controls | 432/8,304 | 139/4,764 | 594/21,736 | 417/15,798 | 500/17,649 | 2,082 / 68,251 |
| Food Group (servings/day) |
HR (95% CI)* | HR (95% CI)* | HR (95% CI)* | HR (95% CI)* | HR (95% CI)* | HR (95% CI)* |
| Fruits | ||||||
| Q1 (≤1.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 (1.3 – 2.3) | 0.91 (0.70–1.18) | 1.10 (0.65–1.86) | 0.69 (0.54–0.88) | 0.94 (0.70–1.27) | 1.04 (0.80–1.33) | 0.88 (0.78–1.00) |
| Q3 (2.4 – 4.0) | 0.84 (0.63–1.12) | 1.45 (0.87–2.43) | 0.88 (0.70–1.12) | 1.00 (0.74–1.35) | 0.91 (0.70–1.19) | 0.93 (0.82–1.05) |
| Q4 (>4.0) | 0.81 (0.60–1.09) | 1.46 (0.86–2.48) | 0.84 (0.65–1.08) | 1.02 (0.75–1.39) | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) |
| p for trend | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.76 | 0.70 | 0.27 | 0.53 |
| Vegetables | ||||||
| Q1 (≤2.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 (2.7 – 3.9) | 0.83 (0.64–1.09) | 1.42 (0.82–2.46) | 0.96 (0.76–1.21) | 0.95 (0.72–1.25) | 0.98 (0.77–1.26) | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) |
| Q3 (4.0 – 5.8) | 0.96 (0.71–1.29) | 1.15 (0.65–2.04) | 0.86 (0.67–1.10) | 0.91 (0.67–1.23) | 0.81 (0.62–1.07) | 0.88 (0.77–1.01) |
| Q4 (>5.8) | 0.96 (0.68–1.35) | 1.15 (0.62–2.15) | 0.74 (0.56–0.98) | 0.71 (0.50–1.01) | 0.89 (0.66–1.20) | 0.82 (0.71–0.95) |
| p for trend | 0.89 | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.36 | 0.01 |
| Meat | ||||||
| Q1 (≤3.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 (3.5 – 5.0) | 1.12 (0.84–1.49) | 1.47 (0.83–2.61) | 1.12 (0.89–1.42) | 1.04 (0.77–1.39) | 0.97 (0.76–1.25) | 1.07 (0.95–1.22) |
| Q3 (5.1 – 7.3) | 1.20 (0.87–1.66) | 1.05 (0.57–1.96) | 0.95 (0.73–1.24) | 1.11 (0.81–1.52) | 1.14 (0.87–1.51) | 1.07 (0.93–1.23) |
| Q4 (>7.3) | 1.34 (0.92–1.96) | 0.88 (0.43–1.81) | 0.98 (0.71–1.34) | 0.90 (0.62–1.30) | 1.35 (0.96–1.90) | 1.10 (0.93–1.30) |
| p for trend | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.39 | 0.63 | 0.28 | 0.93 |
| Grains | ||||||
| Q1 (≤5.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Q2 (5.7 – 7.8) | 0.88 (0.66–1.17) | 1.37 (0.76–2.47) | 0.84 (0.64–1.10) | 1.10 (0.82–1.45) | 0.86 (0.68–1.10) | N/A |
| Q3 (7.9 – 10.8) | 1.18 (0.85–1.65) | 0.78 (0.40–1.53) | 0.63 (0.47–0.84) | 0.92 (0.66–1.30) | 0.82 (0.61–1.10) | |
| Q4 (>10.8) | 1.24 (0.83–1.85) | 1.27 (0.62–2.58) | 0.49 (0.35–0.69) | 0.95 (0.63–1.42) | 1.17 (0.81–1.68) | |
| p for trend | 0.49 | 0.41 | 0.0009 | 0.86 | 0.94 | |
| Dairy products | ||||||
| Q1 (≤0.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 (0.6 – 1.0) | 0.89 (0.68–1.15) | 0.68 (0.41–1.14) | 1.05 (0.86–1.29) | 0.82 (0.58–1.15) | 0.99 (0.72–1.36) | 0.96 (0.84–1.08) |
| Q3 (1.1 – 1.7) | 0.86 (0.64–1.14) | 1.08 (0.67–1.76) | 1.00 (0.80–1.26) | 0.72 (0.51–1.02) | 1.09 (0.80–1.47) | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) |
| Q4 (>1.7) | 0.82 (0.58–1.16) | 1.12 (0.67–1.89) | 1.11 (0.81–1.52) | 0.86 (0.60–1.22) | 0.96 (0.70–1.32) | 0.96 (0.83–1.11) |
| p for trend | 0.81 | 0.42 | 0.33 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.51 |
| Discretionary fat (servings/day) | ||||||
| Q1 (≤38.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 (38.9 – 56.3) | 1.03 (0.769–1.41) | 0.84 (0.48–1.48) | 0.89 (0.71–1.12) | 1.24 (0.89–1.73) | 0.94 (0.72–1.24) | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) |
| Q3 (56.4 – 80.5) | 1.07 (0.74–1.55) | 0.65 (0.35–1.21) | 0.90 (0.69–1.18) | 1.32 (0.90–1.92) | 1.09 (0.80–1.49) | 1.03 (0.89–1.20) |
| Q4 (>80.5) | 1.47 (0.93–2.31) | 0.83 (0.39–1.76) | 0.85 (0.59–1.23) | 1.37 (0.85–2.22) | 1.02 (0.68–1.52) | 1.08 (0.89–1.32) |
| p for trend | 0.23 | 1.00 | 0.38 | 0.19 | 0.95 | 0.51 |
| Added sugar (teaspoons/day) | ||||||
| Q1 (≤6.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 (6.2 – 10.1) | 0.69 (0.51–0.94) | 0.91 (0.53–1.56) | 1.04 (0.84–1.28) | 0.63 (0.47–0.84) | 1.30 (0.99–1.72) | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) |
| Q3 (10.2 – 16.2) | 0.90 (0.67–1.21) | 0.68 (0.39–1.20) | 0.89 (0.70–1.13) | 0.61 (0.45–0.82) | 1.09 (0.81–1.46) | 0.86 (0.75–0.98) |
| Q4 (>16.2) | 0.76 (0.54–1.06) | 0.74 (0.42–1.32) | 1.01 (0.76–1.33) | 0.90 (0.66–1.22) | 1.12 (0.81–1.55) | 0.92 (0.79–1.06) |
| p for trend | 0.39 | 0.46 | 0.82 | 0.58 | 0.85 | 0.25 |
*
HR = hazards ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; Cox regression using age as the time metric, and adjusting for time on study, years of education, energy intake (logarithmically transformed), smoking behaviors (including current smoking, past smoking and pack years), body mass index, physical activity (defined as average hours of moderate or vigorous physical activity per day), history of diabetes, and alcohol intake (grams per day).