Table 5. Antimicrobial resistance patterns in Salmonella positive raccoon fecal, soil, and manure pit samples on five conservation areas (Site no: 1–5) and five swine farms (Site no: 5–10) in southwestern Ontario from May to November 2011–2013.
| Location Type | Year | Site | Salmonella | Fecal | Soil | Manure pit | AMR Pattern b, c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Serovar/(Phagetype) a | (no.) | (no.) | (no.) | |||
| Conservation Area | 2011 | 1 | Heidelberg (19) | 4 | — | N/A | AMP |
| 1 | Heidelberg (19) | 1 | 1 | N/A | AMP–SXT | ||
| 1 | Heidelberg (19) | — | 1 | N/A | AMP–STR–SXT | ||
| 1 | Oranienburg | 1 | — | N/A | CHL c | ||
| 2012 | 2 | Hadar | 1 | — | N/A | STR–TCY | |
| 1 | Oranienburg | 1 | 1 | N/A | CHL c | ||
| 1 | Kentucky | 1 | — | N/A | STR–TCY | ||
| 1 | I:4,12:i:- (U291) | — | 1 | N/A | AMP–CRO–TIO | ||
| 2013 | 3 | Heidelberg (29) | 1 | — | N/A | AMC–AMP–CRO–FOX–TIO | |
| Swine Farm | 2011 | 8 | I:4,12:b:- | 1 | — | — | FOX c |
| 2012 | 9 | Agona | — | 1 | 1 | CHL c | |
| 2013 | 9 | Typhimurium var. Copenhagen (104) | — | — | 1 | SOX–STR–TCY | |
| 7 | Typhimurium var. Copenhagen (104) | 1 | — | — | SOX–STR–TCY | ||
| 6 | Hadar | 1 | 1 | — | STR–TCY | ||
| 6 | Kiambu | — | 1 | — | AMP–TCY | ||
| 6 | Schwarzengrund | 1 | — | — | SOX–STR–TCY |
a The number of isolates detected for each serovar and phagetype are listed for each sample type where applicable.
The dash indicates none were detected. N/A = not applicable; no. = number.
b AMC = amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; AMP = ampicillin; CHL = chloramphenicol; CRO = ceftriaxone; FOX = cefoxitin; SOX = sulfizoxazole; STR = streptomycin; SXT = trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole; TIO = ceftiofur; TCY = tetracycline.
c AMR patterns had intermediate antimicrobial susceptibility, but were considered to be resistant in this study.