Table 3. Breakdown of direct and indirect costs before and during TB treatment by case finding approach (in USD).
| Before/during Tx | Cost category | Sub-category | ACF | PCF | p-value† | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | [IQR] | Mean | (SD) | [Range] | Median | [IQR] | Mean | (SD) | [Range] | ||||
| Before Tx | Direct medical costs | Admin cost | 0 | [0–0] | 0.1 | (0.6) | [0–5] | 0 | [0–0.2] | 1.6 | (11.3) | [0–112.5] | <0.001* |
| Test cost | 0 | [0–0] | 0.7 | (2.9) | [0–20] | 0 | [0–0] | 2.3 | (7.4) | [0–50] | 0.03* | ||
| X-ray cost | 0 | [0–0] | 0.6 | (2.4) | [0–15] | 0 | [0–3.8] | 2.1 | (4.2) | [0–20] | <0.001* | ||
| Drug cost | 0 | [0–6.5] | 7.6 | (19) | [0–135] | 6.2 | [0–25.5] | 36.6 | (96.5) | [0–542.5] | <0.001* | ||
| Hospitalization cost | 0 | [0–0] | 0.1 | (1) | [0–10] | 0 | [0–0] | 3.7 | (16.4) | [0–112] | 0.006* | ||
| Direct non-medical costs | Transportation cost | 1.2 | [0.6–2] | 1.9 | (2.5) | [0–17.5] | 1.8 | [1.1–4.9] | 3.7 | (5.2) | [0–37.5] | <0.001* | |
| Food cost | 0 | [0–0.3] | 0.4 | (1) | [0–5] | 0 | [0–2.5] | 2.1 | (6) | [0–37.5] | 0.059 | ||
| Guardian cost | 0.4 | [0–1.2] | 1.1 | (2.4) | [0–20] | 1.1 | [0–5.2] | 6.4 | (18.2) | [0–130.4] | <0.001* | ||
| Insurance reimbursement | 0 | [0–0] | 0 | (0) | [0–0] | 0 | [0–0] | 1.2 | (6.3) | [0–49.2] | 0.01* | ||
| Indirect costs | Lost income due to health seeking | 0 | [0–1.5] | 1.6 | (4.2) | [0–32.3] | 1 | [0–2.8] | 20.6 | (143.9) | [0–1420] | 0.009* | |
| Lost income due to sick leave | 0 | [0–0] | 17 | (57.5) | [0–470] | 0 | [0–0] | 38.5 | (198.5) | [0–1648] | 0.586 | ||
| Sub-total | 5.1 | [1.5–25.8] | 31.1 | (65.2) | [0–472.1] | 22.4 | [4.4–70.8] | 116.4 | (395.1) | [-5.8–3569] | <0.001* | ||
| During Tx | Direct medical costs | Hospitalization cost | 0 | [0–0] | 0 | (0) | [0–0] | 0 | [0–0] | 2.7 | (23) | [0–226.2] | 0.143 |
| Direct non-medical costs | DOT cost (transportation) | 0 | [0–0] | 9.5 | (32.6) | [0–252] | 0 | [0–0] | 30.1 | (120.2) | [0–1080] | 0.192 | |
| Drug pick-up cost (transportation) | 15 | [0–26.2] | 18.8 | (23.5) | [0–150] | 12 | [0–30] | 16.8 | (17.9) | [0–75] | 0.747 | ||
| Follow up examination cost (transportation) | 0 | [0–0.2] | 0.9 | (2.2) | [0–12] | 0 | [0–1] | 0.8 | (1.8) | [0–9.4] | 0.826 | ||
| Supplemental food cost | 45 | [0–78.8] | 65.7 | (86.2) | [0–450] | 60 | [22.5–150] | 92.9 | (105) | [0–600] | 0.01* | ||
| Guardian and caregiver cost | 0 | [0–0] | 2.4 | (10) | [0–84] | 0 | [0–0] | 3.5 | (18.7) | [0–179.8] | 0.459 | ||
| Interest for borrowed money | 0 | [0–0] | 0.8 | (3) | [0–21] | 0 | [0–0] | 1.7 | (10.5) | [0–100] | 0.956 | ||
| Insurance reimbursement | 0 | [0–0] | 0 | (0) | [0–0] | 0 | [0–0] | 0.2 | (2) | [0–20] | 0.303 | ||
| Indirect costs | Lost income of patient | 0 | [0–38.2] | 132.5 | (289.3) | [0–1365] | 0 | [0–162.5] | 193.6 | (380.7) | [0–1625] | 0.186 | |
| Reduced household activity of patient | 0 | [0–0] | 108.8 | (230.2) | [0–900] | 0 | [0–0] | 45.9 | (147) | [0–900] | 0.019* | ||
| Lost income of guardian/caregiver | 0 | [0–8.1] | 28.6 | (125.9) | [0–1200] | 0 | [0–0] | 27.5 | (127.9) | [0–960] | 0.392 | ||
| Value lost due to sold property | 0 | [0–0] | 0 | (0) | [0–0] | 0 | [0–0] | 3.2 | (32.5) | [0–325] | 0.303 | ||
| Sub-total | 233.2 | [52.4–568.4] | 368 | (385.6) | [5–1618] | 235 | [88.3–635.9] | 418.5 | (440.2) | [9–1907] | 0.367 | ||
| All | Total | 240.7 | [65.5–594.6] | 399 | (416) | [6.5–1649] | 290.5 | [113.6–813.4] | 534.9 | (627.8) | [10.8–4251] | 0.104 | |
*Significant difference (P<0.05)
† Wilcoxon rank-sum test
IQR: Interquartile range, SD: Standard deviation, Tx: treatment. A number with a negative value of less than zero is due to insurance reimbursement.