Table 4.

Cox Proportional Hazard Models Predicting Disability and Mortality as a Function of Depression and Diabetes Treatment.

	Disability (n = 1,269)		Mortality (n = 1,785)
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2
	Hazard ratio (95% CI)		Hazard ratio (95% CI)
Depressed (ref. = not depressed)	1.10 [0.84, 1.47]	0.80 [0.55, 1.17]	1.36* [1.17, 1.60]	1.30* [1.07, 1.59]
Diabetes treatment
Non-diabetic (ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)
Untreated diabetes	1.91* [1.09, 3.35]	1.82 [0.99, 3.36]	1.49 [0.98, 2.26]	1.54 [0.96, 2.47]
Diabetic and oral medications or dietary treatment	1.26* [1.00, 1.58]	1.15 [0.90, 1.47]	1.27* [1.09, 1.48]	1.23* [1.04, 1.48]
Diabetic and taking insulin alone or both oral and insulin for diabetes	2.35* [1.62, 3.42]	1.83* [1.19, 2.83]	2.21* [1.78, 2.76]	2.10* [1.61, 2.74]
Depression by diabetes treatment
Not depressed and non-diabetic (ref.)	—	(ref.)	—	(ref.)
Depressed and untreated diabetes	—	1.44 [0.30, 6.85]	—	0.86 [0.31, 2.38]
Depressed and oral/dietary treatment for diabetes	—	1.93* [1.03, 3.63]	—	1.12 [0.78, 1.62]
Depressed and taking insulin alone or both oral and insulin for diabetes	—	3.83* [1.66, 8.81]	—	1.18 [0.75, 1.86]

Note. Model 1 included all covariates in table. Model 2 included an interaction term between diabetes duration and depression. Models for disability excluded participants who were unable to independently perform one or more ADLs at baseline. All model adjusted for age, education, marital status, gender, nativity, hypertension, heart attack, stroke, hip fracture, cognition, and cancer. CI = confidence interval; ADL = activities of daily living.

^*p < .05.