Hydrogenases, formate dehydrogenases, and energy conservation systems of Syntrophomonas wolfei subsp. wolfei strain Göttingen, “Syntrophomonas wolfei subsp. methylbutyratica” strain 4J5, and Syntrophothermus lipocalidus strain TGB-C1. (A) Hydrogenases and reverse electron transport systems including (1) electron-bifurcating hydrogenase, (2) ferredoxin hydrogenase, (3) flavin oxidoreductase-heterodisulfide reductase (flox-Hdr), (4) electron-transfer-flavoprotein (ETF)-linked acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, (5) ETF-linked iron-sulfur binding (Fe-S) reductase, (6) [FeFe] hydrogenase (Hyd), (7) ETF-oxidizing hydrogenase complex (FixABCX), (8) [NiFe] hydrogenase (Hya), and (9) energy-conserving hydrogenase (Ech). (B) Formate dehydrogenases including (10) formate dehydrogenase (Fdo), (11) electron-bifurcating formate dehydrogenase, and (12) NADH-dependent formate dehydrogenase. (C) A possible nitrogenase-mediated hydrogen generation system. The solid line indicates the existence of corresponding genes in the strains, while the dotted line indicates the absence of these genes.