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. 2016 Aug 6;27(9):1249–1265. doi: 10.1177/0956797616658287

Table 2.

Results of Selected Hierarchical Linear Models of Diurnal Cortisol Parameters in Study 1

Model 3
 Model 4
Fixed effect Estimate SE p Estimate SE p
Morning cortisol, π0
 Average morning cortisol, β00, γ000 2.7267 0.0369 < .001 2.7263 0.0369 < .001
  Childhood adversity: Wave 1, γ001 −0.0130 0.0056 .020 −0.0121 0.0056 .030
  Wave 2 self-esteem, γ002 — — — 0.0043 0.0021 .044
  Female, γ003 −0.1127 0.0247 < .001 −0.1112 0.0247 < .001
  Non-White, γ004 −0.1645 0.0581 .005 −0.1615 0.0577 < .005
  Wave 2 age, γ005 0.0043 0.0012 < .001 0.0042 0.0012 < .001
  Wave 2: some college, γ006 0.1006 0.0275 < .001 0.0952 0.0275 .001
  Wave 2 childhood SES, γ007 −0.0279 0.0335 .406 −0.0257 0.0336 .444
  Smoking status, γ008 −0.0465 0.0358 .194 −0.0459 0.0356 .197
  Medication, γ009 −0.0442 0.0258 .088 −0.0454 0.0258 .078
  Chronic condition, γ0010 −0.0404 0.0275 .142 −0.0364 0.0273 .182
  Wave 2 neuroticism, γ0011 0.0125 0.0210 .550 0.0324 0.0218 .138
  Wave 2 depressed affect, γ0012 −0.0085 0.0097 .382 −0.0055 0.0099 .576
  Weekend, β01, γ010 −0.0504 0.0149 .001 −0.0499 0.0148 .001
  Wake-up time, β02, γ020 −0.0012 0.0074 .867 −0.0014 0.0074 .854
  Daily negative affect, β03, γ030 0.0413 0.0286 .149 0.0414 0.0287 .150
  Daily positive affect, β04, γ040 −0.0039 0.0132 .770 −0.0090 0.0136 .506
Cortisol awakening response (CAR), π1
 Average CAR, β10, γ100 0.3585 0.0293 < .001 0.3584 0.0293 < .001
  Wave 1 childhood adversity, γ101 −0.0013 0.0048 .782 −0.0013 0.0048 .789
  Wave 2 self-esteem, γ102 — — — 0.0001 0.0017 .937
  Female, γ103 0.0873 0.0203 < .001 0.0872 0.0203 < .001
  Non-White, γ104 0.0836 0.0486 .086 0.0837 0.0486 .086
  Wave 2 age, γ105 0.0017 0.0009 .058 0.0017 0.0009 .060
  Wave 2: some college, γ106 −0.0246 0.0212 .246 −0.0246 0.0214 .251
  Wave 2 childhood SES, γ107 0.0054 0.0246 .827 0.0054 0.0246 .828
  Smoking status, γ108 0.0786 0.0267 .003 0.0786 0.0267 .003
  Medication, γ109 0.0074 0.0214 .728 0.0074 0.0214 .730
  Chronic condition, γ1010 0.0264 0.0228 .247 0.0267 0.0229 .245
  Wave 2 neuroticism, γ1011 −0.0142 0.0177 .421 −0.0134 0.0195 .493
  Wave 2 depressed affect, γ1012 0.0003 0.0062 .957 0.0004 0.0063 .947
  Weekend, β11, γ110 −0.0338 0.0169 .046 −0.0339 0.0169 .045
  Wake-up time, β12, γ120 −0.0157 0.0071 .027 −0.0157 0.0071 .027
  Daily negative affect, β13, γ130 −0.0054 0.0374 .885 −0.0056 0.0374 .882
  Daily positive affect, β14, γ140 −0.0020 0.0144 .890 −0.0015 0.0148 .919
Time since waking, π2
 Average linear slope, β20, γ200 −0.1349 0.0045 < .001 −0.1349 0.0045 < .001
  Wave 1 childhood adversity, γ201 0.0004 0.0005 .395 0.0003 0.0005 .524
  Wave 2 self-esteem, γ202 — — — −0.0005 0.0002 .010
  Female, γ203 0.0019 0.0022 .383 0.0017 0.0022 .433
  Non-White, γ204 0.0277 0.0049 < .001 0.0274 0.0048 < .001
  Wave 2 age, γ205 0.0004 0.0001 < .001 0.0005 0.0001 < .001
  Wave 2: some college, γ206 −0.0054 0.0024 .025 −0.0048 0.0024 .049
  Wave 2 childhood SES, γ207 0.0014 0.0027 .605 0.0012 0.0027 .670
  Smoking status, γ208 0.0171 0.0028 < .001 0.0171 0.0027 < .001
  Medication, γ209 0.0069 0.0022 .002 0.0070 0.0022 .002
  Chronic condition, γ2010 0.0032 0.0025 .207 0.0027 0.0025 .287
  Wave 2 neuroticism, γ2011 0.0006 0.0019 .757 −0.0018 0.0021 .399
  Wave 2 depressed affect, γ2012 0.0010 0.0007 .137 0.0007 0.0007 .333
  Weekend, β21, γ210 0.0027 0.0017 .112 0.0026 0.0017 .121
  Wake-up time, β22, γ220 −0.0030 0.0008 < .001 −0.0030 0.0008 < .001
  Daily negative affect, β23, γ230 0.0034 0.0033 .304 0.0034 0.0033 .304
  Daily positive affect, β24, γ240 −0.0003 0.0014 .809 0.0004 0.0014 .791
  Daily exercise, β25, γ250 0.0007 0.0007 .345 0.0007 0.0007 .323
Time since waking2, π3
 Average curvature, β30, γ300 0.0023 0.0002 < .001 0.0023 0.0002 < .001

Note: Intercepts indicate average cortisol values at awakening, average slopes of time since waking indicate change in cortisol per 1-hr change in time, and average slopes of time since waking2 indicate change in cortisol per 1-hr change in time2. Seventy-one cortisol values were more than 3 standard deviations above the mean. Results for the main variables of interest remained significant when these observations were Winsorized. SES = socioeconomic status.