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. 2016 Aug 6;27(9):1249–1265. doi: 10.1177/0956797616658287

Table 5.

Results of Selected Hierarchical Linear Models of Diurnal Cortisol Parameters in Study 2

Model 4
 Model 5
 Model 6
Fixed effect Estimate SE p Estimate SE p Estimate SE p
Morning cortisol, π0
 Average morning cortisol, β00, γ000 0.6934 0.0121 < .001 0.6943 0.0121 < .001 0.6987 0.0129 < .001
 Childhood adversity, γ001 –0.0109 0.0045 .017 –0.0094 0.0045 .038 –0.0079 0.0045 .079
 Youth self-esteem, γ002 — — — 0.0423 0.0160 .008 0.0405 0.0160 .012
 Caregiver self-esteem, γ003 — — — — — — 0.0309 0.0165 .061
 Female, γ004 –0.0042 0.0130 .746 –0.0058 0.0130 .657 –0.0057 0.0130 .662
 Age, γ005 0.0066 0.0037 .077 0.0061 0.0037 .100 0.0052 0.0037 .164
 Caregiver education, γ006 0.0029 0.0132 .825 0.0027 0.0131 .840 0.0080 0.0135 .557
 Health status, γ007 –0.0030 0.0087 .727 –0.0017 0.0086 .841 –0.0034 0.0088 .701
 Neuroticism: “anxious, easily upset,” γ008 0.0019 0.0069 .782 0.0016 0.0070 .818 0.0024 0.0070 .738
 Neuroticism: “calm, emotionally stable” (R), γ009 –0.0032 0.0073 .659 0.0021 0.0075 .777 0.0025 0.0075 .736
 Depression, γ0010 –0.0020 0.0016 .215 –0.0004 0.0017 .801 –0.0004 0.0017 .833
 Caregiver sex: female, γ0011 — — — — — — –0.0138 0.0132 .296
 Caregiver age, γ0012 — — — — — — –0.0001 0.0007 .824
 Weekend, β01, γ010 –0.1018 0.0103 < .001 –0.1021 0.0103 < .001 –0.1019 0.0103 < .001
 Wake-up time, β02, γ020 –0.0132 0.0066 .045 –0.0126 0.0066 .057 –0.0129 0.0066 .052
 Daily negative affect, β03, γ030 –0.0197 0.0148 .181 –0.0201 0.0147 .170 –0.0205 0.0147 .163
 Daily positive affect, β04, γ040 –0.0075 0.0142 .600 –0.0073 0.0141 .606 –0.0102 0.0141 .469
Cortisol awakening response (CAR), π1
 Average CAR, β10, γ100 0.0069 0.0118 .558 0.0065 0.0118 .582 0.0028 0.0135 .834
 Childhood adversity, γ101 0.0065 0.0048 .182 0.0056 0.0049 .247 0.0048 0.0049 .326
 Youth self-esteem, γ102 — — — –0.0235 0.0176 .182 –0.0227 0.0179 .204
 Caregiver self-esteem, γ103 — — — — — — –0.0237 0.0165 .150
 Female, γ104 –0.0315 0.0129 .015 –0.0307 0.0129 .017 –0.0307 0.0129 .018
 Age, γ105 0.0060 0.0037 .104 0.0063 0.0037 .090 0.0069 0.0037 .065
 Caregiver education, γ106 0.0222 0.0132 .094 0.0222 0.0132 .094 0.0196 0.0138 .156
 Health status, γ107 0.0071 0.0095 .453 0.0063 0.0095 .505 0.0071 0.0096 .460
 Neuroticism: “anxious, easily upset,” γ108 0.0042 0.0077 .590 0.0044 0.0078 .570 0.0040 0.0077 .610
 Neuroticism: “calm, emotionally stable” (R), γ109 –0.0008 0.0077 .913 –0.0038 0.0081 .638 –0.0040 0.0082 .628
 Depression, γ1010 –0.0005 0.0016 .738 –0.0014 0.0017 .400 –0.0016 0.0017 .359
 Caregiver sex: female, γ1011 — — — — — — 0.0097 0.0143 .499
 Caregiver age, γ1011 — — — — — — –0.0004 0.0006 .523
 Weekend, β11, γ110 –0.0294 0.0132 .026 –0.0291 0.0132 .027 –0.0293 0.0132 .027
 Wake-up time, β12, γ120 –0.0192 0.0075 .010 –0.0196 0.0075 .009 –0.0194 0.0075 .010
 Daily negative affect, β13, γ130 0.0003 0.0175 .985 0.0004 0.0175 .981 0.0012 0.0175 .947
 Daily positive affect, β14, γ140 –0.0103 0.0127 .418 –0.0105 0.0126 .404 –0.0079 0.0129 .541
Time since waking, π2
 Average linear slope, β20, γ200 –0.0385 0.0022 < .001 –0.0386 0.0022 < .001 –0.0391 0.0023 < .001
 Childhood adversity, γ201 0.0001 0.0004 .730 0.0000 0.0004 .934 –0.0001 0.0004 .841
 Child self-esteem, γ202 — — — –0.0030 0.0015 .044 –0.0028 0.0015 .055
 Caregiver self-esteem, γ203 — — — — — — –0.0029 0.0014 .048
 Female, γ204 –0.0012 0.0011 .306 –0.0011 0.0011 .350 –0.0010 0.0011 .356
 Age, γ205 –0.0006 0.0003 .087 –0.0005 0.0003 .110 –0.0005 0.0003 .177
 Caregiver education, γ206 0.0000 0.0011 .981 0.0000 0.0011 .992 –0.0004 0.0012 .723
 Health status, γ207 –0.0002 0.0007 .761 –0.0003 0.0007 .668 –0.0002 0.0007 .809
 Neuroticism: “anxious, easily upset,” γ208 0.0006 0.0006 .333 0.0006 0.0006 .316 0.0006 0.0006 .369
 Neuroticism: “calm, emotionally stable” (R), γ209 0.0001 0.0007 .855 –0.0003 0.0007 .703 –0.0003 0.0007 .667
 Depression, γ2010 0.0001 0.0001 .413 0.0000 0.0001 .966 0.0000 0.0002 .981
 Caregiver sex: female, γ2011 — — — — — — 0.0012 0.0012 .298
 Caregiver age, γ2011 — — — — — — 0.0000 0.0001 .887
 Weekend, β21, γ210 0.0076 0.0010 < .001 0.0076 0.0010 < .001 0.0076 0.0010 < .001
 Wake-up time, β22, γ220 –0.0007 0.0006 .216 –0.0008 0.0006 .194 –0.0008 0.0006 .206
 Daily negative affect, β23, γ230 0.0024 0.0013 .062 0.0024 0.0013 .058 0.0025 0.0013 .053
 Daily positive affect, β24, γ240 –0.0002 0.0012 .883 –0.0002 0.0012 .874 0.0001 0.0012 .957
Time since waking2, π3
 Average curvature, β30, γ300 0.0008 0.0001 < .001 0.0008 0.0001 < .001 0.0008 0.0001 < .001
Smoking, π4
 Intercept, β40, γ400 0.1462 0.0473 .002 0.1461 0.0474 .002 0.1460 0.0477 .002
Exercise, π5
 Intercept, β50, γ500 0.0187 0.0082 .023 0.0191 0.0082 .020 0.0190 0.0082 .021

Note: Intercepts indicate average cortisol values at awakening; average slopes of time since waking indicate change in cortisol per 1-hr change in time; average slopes of time since waking2 indicate change in cortisol per 1-hr change in time2. R= reverse-scored. Thirty-three cortisol values were more than 3 SD above the mean; when analyses were run after Winsorizing these values, the magnitude of the main results remained approximately the same as reported here, despite minor changes in the p values (highest p value = .057).