Table 3.

Time lagged analyses on colorectal cancer according to total calcium intake in the Nurses’ Health Study (1980–2012) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986–2012)

	Total calcium intake (mg/d)						P-trend
	<600	600–<800	800–<1000	1000–<1200	1200–<1400	≥1400
0–4 yr lag
NHS
No.cases (n=1,481)	287	277	185	173	152	407
	1 (ref)	0.93 (0.78, 1.10)	0.80 (0.66, 0.96)	0.81 (0.65, 0.97)	0.84 (0.68, 1.03)	0.72 (0.61, 0.86)	0.02
HPFS
No.cases (n=999)	157	262	207	116	94	163
	1 (ref)	1.09 (0.88, 1.33)	1.00 (0.81, 1.25)	0.86 (0.67, 1.11)	1.00 (0.77, 1.32)	0.98 (0.77, 1.24)	0.42
Pooled
No.cases (n=2,480)	444	539	392	289	246	570
	1 (ref)	0.99 (0.85, 1.16)	0.89 (0.71, 1.11)	0.82 (0.70, 0.96)	0.90 (0.75, 1.07)	0.83 (0.62, 1.11)**	0.32
4–8 year lag
NHS
No.cases (n=1,418)	255	301	202	177	126	357
	1 (ref)	1.16 (0.98, 1.37)	1.06 (0.87, 1.28)	1.03 (0.84, 1.26)	0.94 (0.75, 1.18)	0.97 (0.81, 1.16)	0.16
HPFS
No.cases (n=888)	184	221	173	107	84	119
	1 (ref)	0.81 (0.66, 0.99)	0.81 (0.65, 1.01)	0.79 (0.61, 1.01)	0.91 (0.69, 1.19)	0.78 (0.61, 1.00)	0.11
Pooled
No.cases (n=2,306)	439	522	375	284	210	476
	1 (ref)	0.97 (0.68, 1.38)	0.93 (0.72, 1.21)	0.91 (0.70, 1.19)	0.93 (0.78, 1.10)	0.89 (0.72, 1.09)**	0.04
8–12 year lag
NHS
No.cases (n=1,236)	302	264	161	160	111	238
	1 (ref)	0.89 (0.75, 1.06)	0.77 (0.64, 0.94)	0.89 (0.73, 1.09)	0.84 (0.67, 1.06)	0.78 (0.65, 0.95)	0.11
HPFS
No.cases (n=700)	146	204	133	91	47	79
	1 (ref)	0.99 (0.80, 1.23)	0.88 (0.69, 1.13)	0.99 (0.75, 1.30)	0.72 (0.51, 1.02)	0.84 (0.63, 1.13)	0.09
Pooled
No.cases (n=1,936)	448	468	294	251	158	317
	1 (ref)	0.93 (0.81, 1.06)	0.81 (0.70, 0.95)	0.92 (0.78, 1.08)	0.80 (0.66, 0.97)	0.80 (0.68, 0.94)**	0.03
12–16 year lag
NHS
No.cases (n=1,046)	224	215	139	147	98	223
	1 (ref)	0.89 (0.74, 1.08)	0.79 (0.63, 0.98)	0.89 (0.72, 1.11)	0.80 (0.62, 1.02)	0.74 (0.60, 0.91)	0.05
HPFS
No.cases (n=482)	118	144	100	43	29	48
	1 (ref)	0.93 (0.72, 1.19)	0.94 (0.71, 1.24)	0.68 (0.47, 0.98)	0.66 (0.43, 1.01)	0.83 (0.58, 1.19)	0.14
Pooled
No.cases (n=1,528)	342	359	239	190	127	271
	1 (ref)	0.90 (0.75, 1.05)	0.84 (0.71, 1.00)	0.81 (0.63, 1.05)	0.76 (0.61, 0.94)	0.76 (0.64, 0.91)**	0.02

^*Multivariable relative risks were adjusted for age (in month), race (Caucasian vs. non-Caucasian), adult BMI (< 25, 25 –< 27.5, 27.5 –< 30, or ≥ 30 kg/m²), smoking (0, 1–10, or > 10 pack-years), history of colorectal cancer in a parent or sibling (yes or no), history of sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy (yes or no), physical activity (< 3, 3–< 27, ≥ 27 MET-hrs/wk), regular aspirin use (yes, no), alcohol consumption (0 –< 5, 5 –< 15, or ≥ 15 g/d), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) scores (tertiles), current energy-adjusted total intake of folate, red meat, processed meat (all in tertiles), and postmenopausal hormone use (premenopausal, never, past, or current user; women only).

^**P-values for heterogeneity by sex were 0.07 for 0–4 yr lag, 0.56 for 4–8 yr lag, 0.55 for 8–12 yr lag, and 0.67 for 12–16 yr lag.