Table 2.

Differences in Risk of Assignment to Lowest Trajectory between Children with Oral Clefts and their Classmates

Academic Domain	Linear Probability Model with Child-Classmates Fixed Effects			Conditional (Fixed-Effect) Logistic Regression
	B	SE	N	OR	95 % CI	N
Reading
Unadjusted	0.064***	0.017	2393	1.67***	1.28, 2.18	1134
Adjusted	0.057***	0.017	2393	1.63***	1.23, 2.16	1134
Language
Unadjusted	0.074***	0.018	2291	1.81***	1.38, 2.39	1055
Adjusted	0.065***	0.017	2291	1.73***	1.29, 2.31	1055
Mathematics
Unadjusted	0.038**	0.015	2427	1.48**	1.1, 2.0	938
Adjusted	0.032**	0.015	2427	1.45**	1.05, 1.99	938

Notes: Adjusted models include child’s first born status and maternal age, marital status, and education (the variables are entered as defined in Table 1). The βs represent difference in risk of assignment to lowest trajectory between children with an oral cleft and their classmates; standard errors (SE) are in parentheses. Odds Ratios (ORs) represent the ratio of the odds of children with oral clefts to be assigned to lowest trajectory to that of their classmates; 95% confidence intervals (CI) of ORs are reported. The fixed effects are for each child with oral clefts and his/her group of classmates. The conditional logistic regression only includes children with oral clefts and their classmates when they differ in their assignment to lowest trajectory. Because children with oral clefts are matched to their classmates on sex, the fixed effects account for sex (and the other matching characteristics that did not vary between affected children and classmates). The unadjusted model is estimated for the same sample with complete data on all variables included in the adjusted model.

^*p < 0.1,

^**p < 0.05,

^***p < 0.01