Figure 4.

Mean total and incremental costs are shown by stage at diagnosis. Costs were estimated from Medicare reimbursement for health services within each category, adjusted for inflation and geographic variability. Non-cancer costs were estimated from cancer-free Medicare beneficiaries matched 1:1 by sex, race, year of birth, and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry to each pancreatic cancer case. The mean monthly costs of medical care for each cancer-free beneficiary was based on the 12 months of claims in the year of diagnosis of their matched case. This average monthly cost was then multiplied by the number of months the matched case was alive. Cancer-attributable costs were the total costs in pancreatic cancer cases minus total costs in the matched cancer-free cohort over the same survival duration.