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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2016 Jun 16;33:74–80. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.06.003

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Structures of representative small-molecule voltage-sensitive dyes. Merocyanine 540 was one of the first voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes to find wide usage. RH1692 finds wide application in network-level voltage imaging. di-4-ANNEPS, JPW 1114, and ANNINE6 are all examples of charge-shift, or “fast” electrochromic voltage sensors. Indocyanine green is an FDA-approved near-infrared dye that exhibits voltage sensitivity. Dipicrylamine (DPA) is a lipophilic anion that partitions in the membrane in a potential-dependent manner. VoltageFluor 2.1.Cl and BeRST 1 are potentiometric dyes that make use of photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) to sense voltage.