Table 3.
Means and standard deviations in parentheses for writing measures of the visuomotor abilities.
| Writing duration (ms) | In air time (ms) | Number of pen lifts | Velocity (mm/s) | NIVs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VISUAL MOTOR INTEGRATION (VMI) | |||||
| Preschool | |||||
| Paper | 1728.87 (1210.87) | 119.44 (244.08) | 1.31 (0.54) | 33.85 (19.08) | 11.81 (7.98) |
| Tablet | 1596.60 (1190.47) | 172.12 (420.25) | 1.31 (0.57) | 42.86 (26.10) | 10.11 (7.20) |
| p-value | 0.157 | 0.960 | 1 | <0.001* | 0.030* |
| b-value | −0.095 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 9.008 | −1.702 |
| Second grade | |||||
| Paper | 1935.90 (1380.33) | 120.38 (243.92) | 1.27 (0.48) | 31.06 (21.60) | 12.78 (9.51) |
| Tablet | 1706.09 (1302.76) | 161.63 (322.23) | 1.31 (0.56) | 42.02 (27.26) | 10.83 (8.22) |
| p-value | 0.099 | 0.564 | 0.409 | 0.002* | 0.061 |
| b-value | −0.140 | 0.153 | 0.042 | 6.976 | −1.939 |
| Adults | |||||
| Paper | 1830.15 (1243.23) | 219.59 (400.72) | 1.45 (0.80) | 29.88 (19.19) | 11.79 (7.80) |
| Tablet | 1792.31 (1300.92) | 200.85 (359.22) | 1.35 (0.62) | 37.04 (23.89) | 10.51 (7.78) |
| p-value | 0.562 | 0.586 | 0.104 | <0.001* | 0.107 |
| b-value | −0.033 | −0.160 | −0.115 | 6.976 | −1.135 |
| MOTOR COORDINATION (MC) | |||||
| Preschool | |||||
| Paper | 3971.81 (2179.46) | 394.59 (688.39) | 1.50 (0.79) | 15.04 (7.13) | 27.87 (16.39) |
| Tablet | 3819.11 (2416.13) | 376.71 (778.39) | 1.44 (0.78) | 18.71 (8.69) | 25.13 (16.19) |
| p-value | 0.222 | 0.291 | 0.520 | <0.001* | 0.105 |
| b-value | −0.076 | −0.351 | −0.051 | 3.674 | −2.742 |
| Second grade | |||||
| Paper | 3995.59 (2470.78) | 312.07 (530.39) | 1.48 (0.75) | 15.17 (7.40) | 27.86 (17.27) |
| Tablet | 4040.81 (2462.22) | 308.78 (558.84) | 1.42 (0.70) | 17.19 (7.96) | 25.85 (15.69) |
| p-value | 0.866 | 0.572 | 0.388 | 0.037* | 0.200 |
| b-value | 0.010 | −0.175 | −0.061 | 1.947 | −2.014 |
| Adults | |||||
| Paper | 2582.54 (1546.54) | 199.66 (380.76) | 1.40 (0.73) | 21.53 (11.40) | 16.77 (9.98) |
| Tablet | 2938.22 (1694.12) | 232.25 (429.96) | 1.41 (0.71) | 21.00 (10.29) | 17.02 (10.55) |
| p-value | 0.028* | 0.682 | 0.946 | 0.964 | 0.969 |
| b-value | 0.127 | 0.119 | −0.005 | −0.044 | −0.038 |
The p-value refers to the comparison for Medium (tablet vs. paper). The b-value refers to the regression coefficient of the tablet condition in comparison to paper. The asterisk indicates significant effects below an alpha-level of 0.05.