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Postoperative morbidity and mortality
| Characteristics | TT group (N=109) | TA group (N=199) | P |
| TT, transthoracic; TA, transabdominal; *, calculated by Chi-square test; **, calculated by Fisher's exact test. | |||
| Overall morbidity | 15 | 22 | 0.485* |
| Pleural effusion | 4 | 0 | |
| Arrhythmia | 1 | 1 | |
| Pneumonia | 7 | 10 | |
| Wound infection | 0 | 2 | |
| Gastroparesis | 2 | 4 | |
| Anastomotic leakage | 0 | 1 | |
| Intraperitoneal bleeding | 0 | 2 | |
| Subphrenic infections | 1 | 1 | |
| Acute respiratory failure | 0 | 1 | |
| Postoperative mortality | 0 | 2 | 0.541** |
