Table 1.
General characteristics
| N (%), mean ± SD, (n = 5,492) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Category | Total (n = 5,492) | Males (n = 2,339) | Females (n = 3,153) | p value |
| Age (years) | 20–29 | 668 (12.2) | 265 (11.3) | 403 (12.8) | 0.001 |
| 30–39 | 1,184 (21.6) | 494 (21.1) | 690 (21.9) | ||
| 40–49 | 1,084 (19.7) | 493 (21.1) | 591 (18.7) | ||
| 50–59 | 1,041 (19.0) | 399 (17.1) | 642 (20.4) | ||
| ≥60 | 1,515 (27.6) | 688 (29.4) | 827 (26.2) | ||
| Smoking | Non-smoker | 3,230 (58.8) | 433 (18.5) | 2,797 (88.7) | <0.001 |
| Ex-smoker | 1,086 (19.8) | 898 (38.4) | 188 (6.0) | ||
| Current smoker | 1,176 (21.4) | 1,008 (43.1) | 168 (5.3) | ||
| Alcohol drinking | No | 3,086 (56.2) | 789 (33.7) | 2,297 (72.9) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 2,406 (43.8) | 1,550 (66.3) | 856 (27.1) | ||
| Regular exercise | No | 4,661 (84.9) | 1,947 (83.2) | 2,714 (86.1) | 0.004 |
| Yes | 831 (15.1) | 392 (16.8) | 439 (13.9) | ||
| ω25(OH)D (nM) | <25 | 458 (8.3) | 117 (5.0) | 341 (10.8) | <0.001 |
| ≥25, <50 | 3,237 (58.9) | 1,232 (52.7) | 2,005 (63.6) | ||
| ≥50 | 1,797 (32.7) | 990 (42.3) | 807 (25.6) | ||
| 44.95 ± 16.73 | 48.68 ± 16.95 | 42.21 ± 16.02 | 0.008 | ||
| αWC (cm) | 80.69 ± 13.78 | 84.50 ± 17.16 | 77.85 ± 9.67 | <0.001 | |
| βBMI (kg/m2) | 23.51 ± 3.30 | 23.92 ± 3.10 | 23.21 ± 3.41 | <0.001 | |
| γSBP (mmHg) | 120.46 ± 17.57 | 123.50 ± 16.11 | 118.21 ± 18.25 | <0.001 | |
| δDBP (mmHg) | 77.27 ± 10.67 | 80.51 ± 10.50 | 74.87 ± 10.15 | <0.001 | |
| εTC (mg/dl) | 188.46 ± 36.42 | 187.83 ± 37.03 | 188.92 ± 35.97 | 0.272 | |
| ζTGs (mg/dl) | 128.96 ± 103.46 | 155.48 ± 132.08 | 109.29 ± 69.27 | <0.001 | |
| ηHDL-C (mg/dl) | 53.13 ± 12.88 | 49.65 ± 12.18 | 55.71 ± 12.77 | <0.001 | |
| θFPG (mg/dl) | 93.08 ± 9.85 | 94.75 ± 9.99 | 91.85 ± 9.56 | <0.001 | |
| µHOMA-IR | 2.39 ± 1.30 | 2.45 ± 1.51 | 2.36 ± 1.13 | 0.015 | |
| ψHOMA-B | 133.09 ± 70.39 | 125.50 ± 66.27 | 138.72 ± 72.80 | <0.001 | |
| §Insulin (µU/ml) | 10.30 ± 4.91 | 10.33 ± 5.58 | 10.27 ± 4.35 | 0.626 | |
ω25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; αWC, waist circumference; βBMI, body mass index; γSBP, systolic blood pressure; δDBP, diastolic blood pressure; εTC, total cholesterol; ζTGs, triglycerides; ηHDL-C, HDL-cholesterol; θFPG, fasting plasma glucose; µHOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; ψHOMA-B, homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function; §Insulin, fasting insulin.