Fig. 4. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -2, -3, -9, and -13 messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of human intervertebral disc cells under lower serum culture (1% fetal bovine serum). Cultures in lower serum showed 70% to 200% increase in MMP-2, -3, -9, and -13 while no change in expression of MMP-1 (*P<0.05). There were no significant changes in MMPs mRNA expression with given dose of pamidronate. FBS, fetal bovine serum.
