Table 3.

Results of regression analyses of palliative care processes received by patients with interstitial lung disease or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with patients with cancer (reference group)

	ILD			COPD
	OR	95% CI	P Value*	OR	95% CI	P Value*
No CPR 1 h before death†	1.11	0.33–3.68	0.871	0.43	0.20–0.90	0.026
Pain assessed in day before death‡	0.43	0.19–0.97	0.042	0.60	0.32–1.13	0.114
DNR at time of death‡	0.40	0.19–0.86	0.019	0.49	0.27–0.86	0.013
Prognosis discussed§	0.36	0.19–0.66	0.001	0.62	0.43–0.90	0.012
Palliative care consultation‖	0.87	0.33–2.28	0.771	0.52	0.26–1.02	0.055
Spiritual care involvement‡	1.56	0.84–2.90	0.157	0.97	0.63–1.48	0.886
Life support withheld/withdrawn¶	0.98	0.52–1.85	0.955	0.93	0.62–1.41	0.750
Presence of advance directive¶	1.20	0.60–2.42	0.604	1.15	0.74–1.77	0.535

Definition of abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation; DNR = do-not-resuscitate order; ILD = interstitial lung disease; OR = odds ratio.

In regression analyses, the association of each palliative care outcome with the two chronic lung diseases of interest was tested using robust logistic regression models with cancer as the reference group. All regression models were adjusted for confounders of the association between patient diagnosis and palliative care outcomes. To qualify as a confounder, the estimated coefficient for diagnosis was found to have changed by at least 10% from the base model containing only the diagnosis, with the addition of one of the following confounders: patient age, sex, minority status, education level, hospital, and the hospital’s intervention status at the time the patient received care.

^*Bold values indicate significance at P = 0.05.

Symbols in left column indicate final models adjusted for ^†age and minority status; ^‡age and hospital; ^§minority status; ^‖age, minority status, and hospital; and ^¶unadjusted.