Table 1.
Cohort characteristics by participation in moderate- and vigorous-intensity sports and exercise during pregnancy
| Tertile 1 moderate- intensity sports and exercise* (N= 345) |
Tertile 2 moderate- intensity sports and exercise* (N= 358) |
Tertile 3 moderate- intensity sports and exercise* (N= 352) |
No vigorous- intensity sports and exercise* (N= 760) |
Any vigorous- intensity sports and exercise* (N= 295) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Pa | n (%) | n (%) | Pa | |
| Age, years | 0.08 | 0.40 | |||||
| 18–29 | 100 (29.0) | 102 (28.5) | 92 (26.1) | 219 (28.8) | 75 (25.4) | ||
| 30–34 | 129 (37.4) | 121 (33.8) | 154 (43.8) | 292 (38.4) | 112 (38.0) | ||
| 35–46 | 116 (33.6) | 135 (37.7) | 106 (30.1) | 249 (32.8) | 108 (36.6) | ||
| Prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 0.16 | 0.23 | |||||
| 16–24 | 109 (31.6) | 125 (34.9) | 135 (38.4) | 254 (33.4) | 115 (39.0) | ||
| 25–29 | 110 (31.9) | 95 (26.5) | 106 (30.1) | 228 (30.0) | 83 (28.1) | ||
| 30–56 | 126 (36.5) | 138 (38.6) | 111 (31.5) | 278 (36.6) | 97 (32.9) | ||
| Race-ethnicity | 0.69 | 0.86 | |||||
| White | 69 (20.0) | 87 (24.3) | 88 (25.0) | 174 (22.9) | 70 (23.7) | ||
| Hispanic | 65 (18.8) | 61 (17.0) | 73 (20.7) | 144 (19.0) | 55 (18.6) | ||
| Asian | 151 (43.8) | 159 (44.4) | 147 (41.8) | 324 (42.6) | 133 (45.1) | ||
| African American | 13 (3.8) | 11 (3.1) | 9 (2.6) | 24 (3.2) | 9 (3.1) | ||
| Multiracial | 39 (11.3) | 33 (9.2) | 31 (8.8) | 79 (10.4) | 24 (8.1) | ||
| Other | 8 (2.3) | 7 (2.0) | 4 (1.1) | 15 (2.0) | 4 (1.4) | ||
| Parity | 0.0002 | 0.09 | |||||
| Nulliparous | 117 (33.9) | 153 (42.7) | 173 (49.2) | 307 (40.4) | 136 (46.1) | ||
| Multiparous | 228 (66.1) | 205 (57.3) | 179 (50.9) | 453 (59.6) | 159 (53.9) | ||
| Education | 0.007 | 0.96 | |||||
| Less than 4-yrs of college | 182 (52.8) | 152 (42.5) | 146 (41.5) | 344 (45.3) | 136 (46.1) | ||
| 4-yr college graduate | 110 (31.9) | 125 (34.9) | 118 (33.5) | 255 (33.6) | 98 (33.2) | ||
| Postgraduate degree | 53 (15.4) | 80 (22.4) | 86 (24.4) | 159 (20.9) | 60 (20.3) | ||
| Missing | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | ||
| Household Income | 0.45 | 0.17 | |||||
| <$80,000 | 170 (49.3) | 166 (46.4) | 161 (45.7) | 349 (45.9) | 148 (50.2) | ||
| ≥$80,000 | 152 (44.1) | 172 (48.0) | 174 (49.4) | 369 (48.6) | 129 (43.7) | ||
| Missing | 23 (6.7) | 20 (5.6) | 17 (4.8) | 42 (5.5) | 18 (6.1) | ||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | P | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | P | |
| Age, years | 31.9 (4.9) | 32.1 (5.0) | 31.8 (4.7) | 0.73 | 30.3 (6.0) | 30.2 (6.5) | 0.86 |
|
Median (IQR) |
Median (IQR) |
Median (IQR) |
Pa |
Median (IQR) |
Median (IQR) |
Pa | |
| Prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 27.5 (23.8–33.5) |
26.9 (23.5–32.0) |
26.6 (23.2–31.6) |
0.14 | 27.1 (23.6–32.4) |
26.4 (23.1–31.5) |
0.12 |
| Number of weeks between weight measurements at GDM diagnosis and before delivery |
12.3 (10.0–15.1) |
12.6 (10.6–15.8) |
12.8 (10.7–16.1) |
0.15 | 12.6 (10.4–15.5) |
12.6 (10.6–16.0) |
0.74 |
| Energy intake, kcal (n= 957) |
1618 (1252–2074) |
1644 (1281–2049) |
1734 (1374–2139) |
0.03 | 1673 (1293–2054) |
1693 (1309–2188) |
0.27 |
| Total volume of physical activity, MET∙ hours per week |
146 (87–205) |
162 (114–242) |
196 (130–279) |
<0.0001 | 153 (101–224) |
199 (137–290) |
<0.0001 |
*
Median (IQR) MET hours per week by category of exercise participation: 2.40 (1.50–3.80) for first tertile of moderate, 9.30 (6.98–11.45) for second tertile of moderate, 23.26 (17.41–30.66) for third tertile of moderate, and 1.75 (1.63–4.88) for any vigorous
a
P for group differences exclude missing
GDM= Gestational diabetes
IQR= Interquartile range