Figure 3.

Cost‐effectiveness. Results are over 100 simulations. DALYs, disability‐adjusted life years. In row 1 the costs and health benefits are discounted at 3% and aggregated over the 10 years. The costs include both government expenditure and out‐of‐pocket (OOP) expenditure for diagnostics, treatments, inpatient costs, and first‐ and second‐line therapies. Row 2 represents the mean nondiscounted total costs and DALYs averted for the entire Indian population each year. All policy scenarios cover the annual medical costs (consultation, diagnostics, and inpatient). In scenario 1, effective coverage for first‐line therapy is 80%, and effective coverage for second‐line therapy is 36%. Second‐line treatment and surgery are paid out of pocket. In scenario 2, effective coverage for first‐line and second‐line therapy is 80%, and only surgery is paid out of pocket. In scenario 3, effective coverage for first‐line and second‐line therapy is 80%, and no treatment is paid out of pocket. Only the top 1% of the population chooses to undergo surgery when it is covered out of pocket. Error bars are the 95% uncertainty range.