Figure 1.

Cytotoxicity of NPs.

Notes: (A) Effects of TiO₂ NPs and (B) ZnO NPs on the viability of MRC5 cells, determined using the MTT assay. Cells were exposed to different concentrations of NPs for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Results are expressed as the percent of cell viability compared with the control. The data are presented as the mean ± SE of at least three independent experiments. (C) Colony-forming assay; graphical representation of percent viability of lung fibroblast cell line against different concentrations of TiO₂ and ZnO NPs after 10 days. Data are presented with a mean ± SE of at least three independent experiments.

Abbreviations: NPs, nanoparticles; SE, standard error; TiO₂, titanium dioxide; ZnO, zinc oxide; h, hours.