Table 3.

Risk factors to be considered for the assessment of final individual CV risk in addition to CV calculators based on traditional CV risk factors

Guidelines	Other CV risk factors to be considered for the estimation of individual global CV risk
2012 ESC/EAS16,17	• Familial prevalence of ASCVD or of major risk factors before 55 years in ♂ and 65 years in ♀ • Low socioeconomic status, lack of social support, stress at work and in family life, depression, anxiety, hostility, and the type D personality • DM • Low HDLc or apolipoprotein A1 • Increased Tg, fibrinogen, homocysteine, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein(a), familial hypercholesterolemia or increased hs-CRP • Asymptomatic individuals with preclinical evidence of ASCVD (plaques or increased CIMT) • Those with impaired renal function (low estimated glomerular filtration and/or increased microalbuminuria/proteinuria) • Risk may be lower than indicated in those with very high HDLc levels or a family history of longevity
2013 ACC/AHA15	• Family history of premature ASCVD with onset <55 years of age in a first-degree male relative or <65 years of age in a first-degree female relative • Primary LDLc ≥160 mg/dL or other evidence of genetic hyperlipidemias • hs-CRP ≥2 mg/L • CAC score ≥300 Agatston units or ≥75th percentile for age, sex, and ethnicity • Ankle-brachial index <0.9 • Lifetime risk of ASCVD
2014 NICE18	• Family history of premature CV disease in medical records • Familial hypercholesterolemia or other inherited disorders of lipid metabolism • Low socioeconomic status • Ethnicity • Evidence of estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or albuminuria • People with treated HIV, serious mental health problems, taking drugs that can cause dyslipidemia (antipsychotics, corticosteroids, or immunosuppressants), systemic inflammatory disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, on antihypertensives or lipid modifying drugs, recently stopped smoking, body mass index >40 kg/m2 • People aged 85 years or older, particularly people who smoke or have raised blood pressure

Abbreviations: ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CAC, coronary artery calcium; CIMT, carotid intima/media thickness; DM, diabetes mellitus; HDLc, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; Tg, triglycerides; CV, cardiovascular; LDLc, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ESC/EAS, European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society; ACC/AHA, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association; NICE, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.