Table 3.

Patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics (n=155 patients)

Characteristic	Group 1 (n=53)	Group 2 (n=57)	Group 3 (n=45)	P-value
Age, mean (±SD) (years)	72.2 (±8.9)	69.4 (±10.4)	72.3 (±10.4)	0.291
Sex, n (%)				0.832
Female	35 (66.0)	36 (63.2)	31 (68.9)
Male	18 (34.0)	21 (36.8)	14 (31.1)
Race, n (%)				<0.001
African-American	47 (88.7)	38 (66.7)	26 (57.8)
Asian	5 (9.4)	15 (26.3)	4 (8.9)
Caucasian	0 (0.0)	3 (5.3)	13 (28.9)
Other	1 (1.9)	1 (1.75)	2 (4.4)
Marital status, n (%)				0.005
Married	12 (22.6)	22 (39.3)	5 (11.1)
Not marrieda	41 (77.4)	33 (58.9)	39 (86.7)
Other	0 (0.0)	1 (1.8)	1 (2.2)
Living status, n (%)				0.569
Alone	32 (60.4)	29 (50.9)	23 (52.3)
With someone else	21 (39.6)	28 (49.1)	21 (47.7)
Education, n (%)				0.716
<12 years	12 (22.6)	12 (21.8)	10 (22.2)
12–16 years	38 (71.7)	41 (74.6)	34 (75.6)
>16 years	3 (5.7)	2 (3.6)	1 (2.2)
Difficulty to pay for the basic necessities,b n (%)				0.506
Not difficult at all	22 (42.3)	26 (45.6)	14 (31.8)
Not very difficult	8 (15.4)	9 (15.8)	11 (25.0)
Somewhat difficult	15 (28.9)	19 (33.3)	13 (29.6)
Very difficult	7 (13.5)	3 (5.3)	6 (13.6)
Visual acuity, mean (±SD)c				0.110
Right eye	0.19 (±0.17)	0.33 (±0.58)	0.49 (±0.76)
Left eye	0.27 (±0.57)	0.31 (±0.50)	0.36 (±0.51)
Intraocular pressure, mean (±SD) (mmHg)				0.899
Right eye	15.7 (±4.0)	15.3 (±4.3)	15.3 (±4.2)
Left eye	15.4 (±3.3)	15.6 (±4.2)	15.1 (±4.1)

Notes:

^aSingle (never married), separated, divorced, widowed;

^bBasic necessities include: food, housing, heating, and medical care;

^cLogarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR).

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.