Table 1.

Characteristics of the four cases

	Case 1	Case 2	Case 3	Case 4
Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics
Age (years)	78	70	65	62
Sex	Male	Male	Male	Male
Education in years	6	11	13	13
Age at onset bipolar disorder (years)	18	53	51	28
Number of admissions	3	1	2	>2
Family history (First degree)	Psychiatry	Cardiovascular	Cardiovascular	Cardiovascular
Somatic history	Diabetes	Myocardial infarction	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	Diabetes
Psychopharmaca	Lithium 800 mg Zuclopentixol 6 mg	Lithium 1,200 mg	Quetiapine 400 mg Phenelzine 45 mg Temazepam 20 mg Oxazepam 50 mg	Lithium 800 mg Olanzapine 2.5 mg
Rascovsky criteria
Disinhibition	+	+	+	+
Apathy	+			+
Loss of empathy		+	+
Stereotypical behavior	+	+	+	+
Eating behavior	+			+
Executive dysfunction	+		+
Neuropsychology
MMSE at presentation	28	25	27	28
MMSE after follow-up	29	29	23	29
FAB	14	12	18	17
FAB after follow-up	12	17	15	18
Mental speed/attention	Slightly decreased	Slightly decreased	Decreased	Normal
Executive tasks	Mildly disturbed	Mildly disturbed	Mildly disturbed	Normal
Episodic memory	Normal	Mildly disturbed	Normal	Normal
Semantic memory (category fluency)	Normal	Mildly disturbed	Normal	Normal
Visuospatial functions	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal
Language	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal
Social cognition
Social cognition profile (faux pas, Eckman faces)	n/a	Impaired, no recognition of faux pas, impaired recognition of disgust	Impaired, no recognition of faux pas, impaired recognition of sadness	Impaired recognition of sadness
Biomarkers
MRI: Fazekas	1	1	0	0
MRI: MTA	0/0	1/1	0/0	1/1
MRI: GCA	0	1	Frontal 2, parietal 1, global 1	0
FDG-PET	Normal	n/a	Normal	Normal
PIB-PET	n/a	n/a	Normal	n/a
CSF: amyloid beta-42	1,071	632	n/a	880
(>550 pg/mL)
CSF: tau (<375 pg/mL)	400	202	n/a	486
CSF: P-tau (<52 pg/mL)	58	36	n/a	66

Abbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; FAB, frontal assessment battery; FDG-PET, [¹⁸F]-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose positron emission tomography; GCA, global cortical atrophy; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MTA, medial temporal lobe atrophy; +, present; n/a, not applicable; PIB-PET, Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography; P-tau, phosphorylated tau.