Table 1.
Biopolymer microthreads made of varying materials have been strategically combined and modified to form structured scaffolds that mimic targeted tissues
| MATERIAL | TARGETED TISSUE | STRUCTURES | GOAL OF WORK | REFERENCE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FIBRIN | Ventricular myocardium | Suture (bundled fibrin microthreads) | In vivo, Cell delivery (hMSCs) In vitro, Cellular response (hMSCs) In vivo, Cell delivery (hMSCs) |
Guyette et al. 2013 [3] Proulx et al. 2011 [79] Tao et al. 2014 [78] |
| Skeletal muscle | Microthreads | Mechanical modification Mechanical modification In vivo, GF incorporation In vivo, Cell delivery (primary human satellite cells) |
Grasman et al. 2012[51] Grasman et al. 2014 [2] Grasman et al. 2015[49] Page et al. 2011 [4] |
|
| Tendon/Ligament | In vitro cellular response, Mechanical modification In vitro, GF delivery |
Cornwell et al. 2007[25] Cornwell et al. 2010[29] |
||
|
| ||||
| SILK | Tendon/Ligament | Bundles | In vitro cellular response, Mechanical modification | Altman et al. 2002 [6] |
| Knitted | In vitro cellular response | Liu et al. 2008 [15] | ||
| Braided, Twisted, Cabled | Mechanical modification In vitro cellular response |
Horan et al. [27] Chen et al. 2003 [28] |
||
|
| ||||
| COLLAGEN | Tendon/Ligament | Microthreads | In vitro cellular response, Mechanical modification Mechanical modification Mechanical modification Mechanical modification Mechanical modification In vitro cellular response, Mechanical modification |
Cornwell et al. 2007 [7] Dunn et al. 1992 [20] Zeugolis et al. 2009[23] Pins et al. 1997 [22] Zeugolis et al. 2010[24] Gentleman et al. 2003 [8] |
| Braided | In vivo, Mechanical modification | Kato et al. 1991 [21] | ||
| Composite (fibers and gel) | In vitro cellular response, Mechanical modification In vivo, cell delivery (BMSCs) |
Walters et al. 2012 [26] Awad et al. 2003 [33] |
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|
| ||||
| CHITOSAN/HYLURONAN | Tendon/Ligament | Braided composite fibers | In vivo, cell delivery (fibroblasts) In vitro cellular response |
Funakoshi et al. 2005[9] Funakoshi et al. 2005[10] |
Growth factor (GF); Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs); mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs); Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs).