Table 1.
List of CHM with reported hepatotoxicity.
| CHM | Part used/ingredients | Potential toxicity mechanism | Application | Recommended dosage | Cases | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| He-Shou-Wu | Radix | Probably associated with anthraquinone derivatives, lipid peroxidation, or an immune response [32, 33] | Alopecia and grey hair | 3~6 g/d (unprocessed herb), 6~12 g/d (processed herb) | Preparation unmentioned, 25 | Jung et al., 2011 [18] |
| 4 unprocessed, 14 processed | Dong et al., 2014 [19] | |||||
| 1 unprocessed | Zhang et al., 2014 [27] | |||||
| Preparation unmentioned, 2 | Yuan and Chen, 2014 [25] | |||||
| Preparation unmentioned, 1 | Yang et al., 2014 [28] | |||||
| Preparation unmentioned, 18 | Ren and Xu, 2015 [29] | |||||
|
| ||||||
| Cang-Er-Zi | Fruit | Probably kaurene glycosides induced liver injury via oxidative stress as lipid peroxidation in liver [34] | To eliminate wind and dampness | 3~10 g/d | 1 | Wang et al., 2013 [24] |
|
| ||||||
| Huang-Yao-Zi | Rhizoma | Probably oxidative stress injury caused by diosbulbin [35] | Thyroid nodule | 4.5~9 g/d | 1 | Jiang and Yang, 2014 [26] |
|
| ||||||
| Lei-Gong-Teng | Radix | Probably associated with triptolide, lipid peroxidation, and an immune response [36, 37] | Osteoarthrosis | NA | 4 | Ren and Xu, 2015 [29] |
|
| ||||||
| Yang Xue Sheng Fa Jiao Nang | Shu-Di-Huang, Dang-Gui, Qiang-Huo (Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H. T. Chang), Mu-Gua (Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne), Chuan-Xiong, Bai-Shao (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.), Tu-Si-Zi (Cuscuta chinensis Lam.), Tian-Ma (Gastrodia elata Blume), Zhi-Shou-Wu | Alopecia | 4 granules, twice a day | 4 | Ren and Xu, 2015 [29] | |
|
| ||||||
| Bai Dian Feng Jiao Nang | Bu-Gu-Zhi 33.33 g, Huang-Qi (Astragalus propinquus Schischkin) 33.33 g, Hong-Hua 33.33 g, Chuan-Xiong 33.33 g, Dang-Gui 33.33 g, Xiang-Fu (Cyperus rotundus L.) 33.33 g, Tao-Ren (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) 33.33 g, Dan-Shen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) 33.33 g, Wu-Shao-She (Zaocys) 33.33 g, Zi-Cao (Lithospermum erythrorhizon Siebold & Zucc.) 33.33 g, Bai-Xian-Pi 33.33 g, Shan-Yao (Dioscorea oppositifolia L.) 33.33 g, Gan-Jiang 33.33 g, Long-Dan (Gentiana scabra Bunge) 33.33 g, Yan-Ji-Li (Tribulus terrestris L.) 433.33 g |
Leucoderma | 3~4 granules, twice a day | 4 | Ren and Xu, 2015 [29] | |
|
| ||||||
| Xiao Yin Pian | Di-Huang, Dan-Pi (Paeonia officinalis L.), Chi-Shao, Dang-Gui, Ku-Shen (Sophora flavescens Aiton), Jin-Yin-Hua (Lonicera japonica Thunb.), Xuan-Shen (Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl.), Niu-Bang-Zi (Arctium lappa L.), Chan-Tui (Cicadae periostracum), Bai-Xian-Pi, Fang-Feng (Saposhnikovia divaricata (Trucz.) Schischk.), Da-Qing-Ye (Wrightia laevis Hook. f.), Hong-Hua | Psoriasis | 5~7 tablets, three times a day | 3 | Ren and Xu, 2015 [29] | |
|
| ||||||
| Qu Bai Ba Bu Pian | — | Leucoderma | NA | 2 | Ren and Xu, 2015 [29] | |
|
| ||||||
| Bu Shen Sheng Fa Tang | — | Alopecia | NA | 1 | Ren and Xu, 2015 [29] | |
|
| ||||||
| Ze Qi Chong Ji | — | Psoriasis | NA | 1 | Ren and Xu, 2015 [29] | |
|
| ||||||
| Xian Ling Gu Bao Jiao Nang | — | Osteoarthrosis | NA | 3 | Ren and Xu, 2015 [29] | |
|
| ||||||
| Gu Kang Jiao Nang | — | Osteoarthrosis | NA | 2 | Ren and Xu, 2015 [29] | |
|
| ||||||
| Zhuang Gu Jiao Nang | — | Osteoarthrosis | NA | 1 | Ren and Xu, 2015 [29] | |
|
| ||||||
| Ling Zhi Yi Shou Jiao Nang | — | Health promotion | NA | 2 | Ren and Xu, 2015 [29] | |
|
| ||||||
| Ling Zhi Jiao Nang | — | Health promotion | NA | 1 | Ren and Xu, 2015 [29] | |
|
| ||||||
| Hui Chun Ru Yi Jiao Nang | — | Symptoms like dizziness, a poor memory, fatigue, tinnitus, and soreness in the lower back and knees | NA | 1 | Ren and Xu, 2015 [29] | |
|
| ||||||
| Ru Bi San | — | Hyperplasia of mammary gland | NA | 1 | Ren and Xu, 2015 [29] | |
|
| ||||||
| ShuXiong Jiao Nang | San-Qi (Panax pseudoginseng Wall. var. notoginseng (Burkill) Hoo et Tseng) 166.7 g, Hong-Hua 166.7 g, Chuan-Xiong 333.3 g | Hyperplasia of mammary gland | 3 granules, three times a day | 1 | Ren and Xu, 2015 [29] | |
|
| ||||||
| Zeng Sheng Ping | — | Tumor | NA | 1 | Ren and Xu, 2015 [29] | |
|
| ||||||
| Long Bi Shu | Bu-Gu-Zhi, Yi-Mu-Cao (Leonurus artemisia (Lour.) S. Y. Hu), Jin-Qian-Cao (Lysimachia christinae Hance), Hai-Jin-Sha (Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw.), Amber, Shan-Ci-Gu (Iphigenia indica Kunth) | Hyperplasia of prostate gland | 3 granules, twice a day | 4 | Ren and Xu, 2015 [29] | |
|
| ||||||
| Zhi Xue Jiao Nang | — | Hemorrhoids | NA | 2 | Ren and Xu, 2015 [29] | |
|
| ||||||
| Move Free | Containing glucosamine, chondroitin, methylsulfonylmethane, black catechu, maltodextrin, Huang-Qin (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) | Arthritis | NA | 1 | Yang et al., 2012 [21] | |
| 1 | Dhanasekaran et al., 2013 [17] | |||||
|
| ||||||
| Ban Tu Wan | Di-Huang, Shu-Di-Huang, Zhi-Shou-Wu, Dang-Gui, Dan-Shen, Bai-Shao, Wu-Wei-Zi (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.), Qiang-Huo, Mu-Gua | Alopecia | 5 g, three times a day | 1 | Cortez et al., 2012 [16] | |
|
| ||||||
| Kamishoyosan | Chai-Hu (Bupleurum chinense DC.), Dan-Pi, Bai-Zhu (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.), Ri-Ben-Dang-Gui (Angelica acutiloba (Sieb. et Zucc.) Kitagawa), Fu-Ling (Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf.), Zhi-Zi (Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis), Bai-Shao, Sheng-Jiang (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), Gan-Cao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.), Bo-He (Mentha haplocalyx Briq.) | Postmenopausal syndrome | NA | 1 | Inoue et al., 2011 [23] | |
|
| ||||||
| Qi Bao Mei Ran Wan | Zhi-Shou-Wu, Dang-Gui, Bu-Gu-Zhi, Gou-Qi (Lycium chinense Mill.), Tu-Si-Zi, Fu-Ling, Niu-Xi (Achyranthes bidentata Blume) | Grey hair | NA | 1 | Li et al., 2015 [15] | |
|
| ||||||
| Herbal extracts containing Hu-Ji-Sheng and Ye-Ge | Health promotion | NA | 1 | Kim et al., 2015 [22] | ||
|
| ||||||
| Herbal tea containing Kelp | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | NA | 1 | Viswanathan and Patel, 2013 [20] | ||
|
| ||||||
| Decoction: Lian-Qiao (Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl) 10 g, Pu-Gong-Ying (Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.) 10 g, Zi-Hua-Di-Ding (Viola philippica Cav.) 10 g, Ye-Ju-Hua (Chrysanthemum indicum L.) 10 g, Bai-Zhi (Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm.) Benth. et Hook. f. ex Franch. et Sav.) 10 g, Huang-Qin 10 g, Xuan-Shen 10 g, Gan-Cao 10 g, Sheng-Shi-Gao (Gypsum fibrosum) 15 g, Dan-Pi 10 g, Bai-Xian-Pi 10 g, Bai-Mao-Gen (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch.) 10 g, Yan-Ji-Li 10 g, Tao-Ren 10 g, Hong-Hua 10 g, Dong-Gua-Pi (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.) 10 g, Di-Gu-Pi (Lycium chinense Mill.) 10 g, Di-Fu-Zi (Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.) 10 g, Sheng-Bai-Zhu 10 g, Chuan-Xiong 10 g, Fu-Ling-Pi 10 g, Fa-Ban-Xia (Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino) 10 g, Chen-Pi (Citrus reticulata Blanco) 10 g, Tu-Fu-Ling (Smilax glabra Roxb.) 10 g | Eczema | NA | 1 | Mao et al., 2013 [30] | ||
|
| ||||||
| Pi Fu Bing Xue Du Wan and decoction: Chai-Hu, Dang-Gui, Bai-Zhu, Fu-Ling, Bo-He, Wu-Mei (Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc.), Fang-Feng, Yin-Chai-Hu (Stellaria dichotoma L. var. lanceolata Bge.), Wu-Wei-Zi, Pi-Pa-Ye (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.), Chuan-Shan-Jia (Manis squama), Ze-Xie (Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn.), He-Shou-Wu, Lu-Lu-Tong (Liquidambar formosana Hance), Xu-Duan (Dipsacus inermis Wall.), Nv-Zhen-Zi (Ligustrum lucidum Ait.), Han-Lian-Cao (Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.), Gui-Zhi (Cinnamomum cassia Presl) | Psoriasis | NA | 1 | Wei, 2011 [31] | ||
NA = not available.