Table 1.

Baseline demographic characteristics, substances used, chemical dependency treatment utilization, and other psychosocial characteristics of all participants (overall) and by homeless status.

Characteristics	Overall (n=866)	Homeless Status a		p-Value b
		Homeless (n=263)	Not Homeless (n=603)
Demographics
Age, mean in years (SD)	47.8 (10.9)	47.6 (9.7)	47.9 (11.4)	0.69
Male	69.6%	82.5%	64.0%	<0.001
Race category				0.26
White	45.0%	43.2%	45.7%
Black	37.5%	41.3%	35.8%
Other	17.6%	15.4%	18.5%
Hispanic	8.3%	8.4%	8.3%	0.94
Marital status				<0.001
Married/living with partner	18.6%	5.7%	24.3%
Divorced/separated/widowed	40.1%	52.5%	34.6%
Never married	41.3%	41.8%	41.1%
Education				<0.001
Some high school or less	19.1%	22.5%	17.6%
High school graduate	29.3%	36.3%	26.2%
Beyond high school	51.7%	41.2%	56.2%
Employment status				<0.001
Working	9.0%	3.8%	11.3%
Unemployed/retired/in school/homemaker/other	27.5%	31.7%	25.7%
Disabled and unable to work	63.5%	64.5%	63.0%
ASI employment composite score, mean (SD) c	0.79 (0.23)	0.88 (0.16)	0.75 (0.24)	<0.001
Substances Used
ASI days used, most frequently used drug, mean (SD) e	13.8 (11.0)	12.1 (10.6)	14.6 (11.1)	0.003
ASI Drug Use composite score, mean (SD) c	0.11 (0.10)	0.14 (0.11)	0.10 (0.10)	<0.001
ASI drug use, any in past 30 days e, f
Marijuana	76.0%	66.5%	80.1%	<0.001
Stimulants	44.3%	58.2%	38.3%	<0.001
Cocaine	39.2%	52.9%	33.2%	<0.001
Amphetamines	8.8%	12.2%	7.3%	0.02
Opiates	27.1%	29.7%	26.0%	0.27
Heroin	9.1%	11.0%	8.3%	0.20
Other opiates/analgesics non-prescribed g	23.1%	24.3%	22.6%	0.57
Sedatives/hypnotics/tranquilizers	12.5%	14.8%	11.4%	0.17
Other drugs e,h	6.2%	5.7%	6.5%	0.67
2 or more drugs used in past 30 days e	75.2%	76.8%	74.5%	0.46
Intravenous drug use in past 30 days	34.5%	38.8%	32.7%	0.08
DAST-10 score, mean (SD)	4.26 (2.52)	5.5 (2.6)	3.7 (2.3)	<0.001
ASI Alcohol Use composite score, mean (SD)	0.15 (0.20)	0.20 (0.24)	0.12 (0.18 )	<0.001
ASI alcohol use, any in past 30 days	68.8%	74.1%	66.5%	0.03
Nicotine use, any in past 30 days	71.5%	79.1%	68.0%	<0.001
CD Treatment Utilization
Admitted to CD treatment	17.3%	23.6%	14.5%	<0.001
Detoxification (not followed by CD treatment)	7.6%	14.7%	4.4%	<0.001
Other Psychosocial
Arrests for felony or gross misdemeanor d	14.4%	26.6%	9.0%	<0.001
ASI Family/Social composite score, mean (SD) c	0.17 (0.22)	0.17 (0.21)	0.17 (0.22)	0.37
ASI Legal composite score, mean (SD) c	0.06 (0.13)	0.08 (0.16)	0.05 (0.12)	<0.001

Note: Data are reported as % of participants unless otherwise indicated. Missing values are excluded from the denominator.

ASI = Addiction Severity Index; CD = chemical dependency; CDPS = Chronic Illness and Disability Payment System; DAST-10 = Drug Abuse Screening Test 10-item; ICD-9 = International Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision; SD = Standard Deviation.

^aAt baseline; homeless defined as spending one or more days in the previous 90 either living on the streets, in an abandoned building, in a car, or in a shelter.

^bStatistical tests consisted of independent sample t-tests (for continuous data with parametric distributions), Wilcoxon/Mann-Whitney tests (for continuous data with non-parametric distributions), and chi-square tests (for categorical data).

^cASI composite scores range from 0 to 1, with 1 indicating greatest problem severity.

^dAdministrative data available for 846 participants in the 1 year prior to enrollment.

^eExcludes use of alcohol or nicotine.

^fASI drug use groups reported are not mutually exclusive.

^gIncludes use of non-prescribed methadone.

^h“Other drugs” can include all other abused medications (e.g., antihistamines, antidepressants) or drugs of abuse (e.g., hallucinogens) that do not fall in the existing categories.