Table 2.
Variables | Total (N = 2785) | Bio fathers with stable families (N = 1913) | Separated bio fathers (N = 268) | Blended-family fathers (N = 444) | Single fathers (N = 81) | Social fathers (N = 59) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics of father and children | ||||||
Age (19–72) | 40.11 (7.68) | 38.95 (6.99) | 41.94 (7.62) | 43.32 (8.62) | 44.53 (7.53) | 39.47 (10.39) |
Education N (%) | ||||||
Primary/secondarya | 1394 (49.9) | 854 (44.6) | 159 (59.3) | 287 (64.6) | 52 (64.2) | 31 (52.5) |
Tertiarya | 1391 (50.1) | 1059 (55.4) | 109 (40.7) | 157 (35.4) | 29 (35.8) | 28 (47.5) |
Household income (121–36,000) | 6944 (4598) | 7617 (4481) | 5590 (4868) | 5602 (4361) | 4236 (3804) | 5384 (4121) |
Occupation N (%) | ||||||
Paid work/stay-at-homeb | 2734 (98.2) | 1901 (99.4) | 258 (96.3) | 426 (95.9) | 73 (90.1) | 56 (94.9) |
Unoccupiedb | 51 (1.8) | 12 (0.6) | 10 (3.7) | 18 (4.1) | 8 (9.9) | 3 (5.1) |
Workload N (%) | ||||||
≤30 h/weekc | 626 (22.5) | 379 (19.8) | 66 (24.6) | 110 (24.8) | 40 (49.4) | 21 (35.6) |
>30 h/weekc | 2159 (77.5) | 1534 (80.2) | 202 (75.4) | 334 (75.2) | 41 (50.6) | 38 (64.4) |
Number of children (1–12) | 1.98 (1.07) | 1.74 (0.79) | 1.56 (0.75) | 3.22 (1.23) | 2.56 (1.64) | 1.69 (0.84) |
Age of youngest child (0–17) | 4.88 (4.55) | 3.95 (4.14) | 8.12 (4.34) | 5.63 (4.53) | 9.30 (4.99) | 7.56 (4.34) |
Partnership aspects | ||||||
Relationship status N (%) | ||||||
No committed relationshipd | 320 (11.5) | 19 (1.0) | 146 (54.5) | 79 (17.8) | 55 (67.9) | 12 (20.3) |
Committed, non-cohabitingd | 124 (4.5) | 6 (0.3) | 53 (19.8) | 35 (7.9) | 26 (32.1) | 4 (6.8) |
Committed, cohabitingd | 519 (18.6) | 307 (16.0) | 57 (21.3) | 124 (27.9) | 0 (0.0) | 21 (35.6) |
Committed, maritald | 1822 (65.4) | 1581 (82.6) | 12 (4.5) | 206 (46.4) | 0 (0.0) | 22 (37.3) |
Relationship satisfaction (1.1–5.0) | 4.13 (0.68) | 4.14 (0.66) | 4.06 (0.77) | 4.10 (0.70) | 3.99 (0.77) | 4.02 (0.65) |
Paternal involvement | ||||||
Active childcare/week (0–168) | 36.78 (24.99) | 37.09 (22.84) | 31.17 (24.57) | 36.07 (27.85) | 60.14 (42.04) | 24.59 (21.26) |
Co-resident bio children N (%) | ||||||
Nonee | 283 (10.2) | 5 (0.3) | 119 (44.4) | 100 (22.5) | 0 (0.0) | 59 (100.0) |
Part-timee | 233 (8.4) | 13 (0.7) | 149 (55.6) | 71 (16.0) | 0 (0.0) | – |
Full-timee | 2269 (81.5) | 1895 (99.1) | 0 (0.0) | 273 (61.5) | 81 (100.0) | – |
Co-resident non-bio children N (%) | ||||||
Nonef | 2592 (93.1) | 1913 (100.0) | 268 (100.0) | 299 (67.3) | 79 (97.5) | 15 (25.4) |
Part-timef | 29 (1.0) | – | – | 23 (5.2) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (8.5) |
Full-timef | 164 (5.9) | – | – | 122 (27.5) | 2 (2.5) | 39 (66.1) |
Number of bio children without regular contact (0–4) | 0.07 (0.35) | 0.00 (0.07) | 0.09 (0.34) | 0.34 (0.74) | 0.20 (0.49) | – |
Number of non-bio children without regular contact (0–6) | 0.09 (0.42) | – | – | 0.46 (0.83) | 0.32 (0.95) | 0.25 (0.54) |
Paternal well-being | ||||||
Chronic stress (0–48) | 14.70 (8.38) | 13.94 (7.95) | 17.13 (9.19) | 15.78 (8.78) | 17.09 (10.08) | 15.68 (8.50) |
Psychological distress (0–56) | 5.99 (6.75) | 5.11 (5.43) | 9.00 (9.11) | 7.38 (8.49) | 8.11 (8.05) | 5.91 (6.78) |
Life satisfaction (4–100) | 76.22 (17.24) | 79.35 (14.31) | 66.60 (21.31) | 71.52 (19.71) | 64.21 (23.27) | 73.58 (19.75) |
Variable ranges are noted in parentheses following the names of the variables. Table entries are means and, in parentheses, SDs, or absolute and percentage frequencies where noted.
a–fVariables are mutually exclusive.