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. 2016 Sep 13;4:199. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00199

Table 2.

Means and SDs or absolute and percentage frequencies in total sample and by different father types.

Variables Total (N = 2785) Bio fathers with stable families (N = 1913) Separated bio fathers (N = 268) Blended-family fathers (N = 444) Single fathers (N = 81) Social fathers (N = 59)
Sociodemographic characteristics of father and children
Age (19–72) 40.11 (7.68) 38.95 (6.99) 41.94 (7.62) 43.32 (8.62) 44.53 (7.53) 39.47 (10.39)
Education N (%)
  Primary/secondarya 1394 (49.9) 854 (44.6) 159 (59.3) 287 (64.6) 52 (64.2) 31 (52.5)
  Tertiarya 1391 (50.1) 1059 (55.4) 109 (40.7) 157 (35.4) 29 (35.8) 28 (47.5)
Household income (121–36,000) 6944 (4598) 7617 (4481) 5590 (4868) 5602 (4361) 4236 (3804) 5384 (4121)
Occupation N (%)
  Paid work/stay-at-homeb 2734 (98.2) 1901 (99.4) 258 (96.3) 426 (95.9) 73 (90.1) 56 (94.9)
  Unoccupiedb 51 (1.8) 12 (0.6) 10 (3.7) 18 (4.1) 8 (9.9) 3 (5.1)
Workload N (%)
  ≤30 h/weekc 626 (22.5) 379 (19.8) 66 (24.6) 110 (24.8) 40 (49.4) 21 (35.6)
  >30 h/weekc 2159 (77.5) 1534 (80.2) 202 (75.4) 334 (75.2) 41 (50.6) 38 (64.4)
Number of children (1–12) 1.98 (1.07) 1.74 (0.79) 1.56 (0.75) 3.22 (1.23) 2.56 (1.64) 1.69 (0.84)
Age of youngest child (0–17) 4.88 (4.55) 3.95 (4.14) 8.12 (4.34) 5.63 (4.53) 9.30 (4.99) 7.56 (4.34)
Partnership aspects
Relationship status N (%)
  No committed relationshipd 320 (11.5) 19 (1.0) 146 (54.5) 79 (17.8) 55 (67.9) 12 (20.3)
  Committed, non-cohabitingd 124 (4.5) 6 (0.3) 53 (19.8) 35 (7.9) 26 (32.1) 4 (6.8)
  Committed, cohabitingd 519 (18.6) 307 (16.0) 57 (21.3) 124 (27.9) 0 (0.0) 21 (35.6)
  Committed, maritald 1822 (65.4) 1581 (82.6) 12 (4.5) 206 (46.4) 0 (0.0) 22 (37.3)
Relationship satisfaction (1.1–5.0) 4.13 (0.68) 4.14 (0.66) 4.06 (0.77) 4.10 (0.70) 3.99 (0.77) 4.02 (0.65)
Paternal involvement
Active childcare/week (0–168) 36.78 (24.99) 37.09 (22.84) 31.17 (24.57) 36.07 (27.85) 60.14 (42.04) 24.59 (21.26)
Co-resident bio children N (%)
  Nonee 283 (10.2) 5 (0.3) 119 (44.4) 100 (22.5) 0 (0.0) 59 (100.0)
  Part-timee 233 (8.4) 13 (0.7) 149 (55.6) 71 (16.0) 0 (0.0)
  Full-timee 2269 (81.5) 1895 (99.1) 0 (0.0) 273 (61.5) 81 (100.0)
Co-resident non-bio children N (%)
  Nonef 2592 (93.1) 1913 (100.0) 268 (100.0) 299 (67.3) 79 (97.5) 15 (25.4)
  Part-timef 29 (1.0) 23 (5.2) 0 (0.0) 5 (8.5)
  Full-timef 164 (5.9) 122 (27.5) 2 (2.5) 39 (66.1)
Number of bio children without regular contact (0–4) 0.07 (0.35) 0.00 (0.07) 0.09 (0.34) 0.34 (0.74) 0.20 (0.49)
Number of non-bio children without regular contact (0–6) 0.09 (0.42) 0.46 (0.83) 0.32 (0.95) 0.25 (0.54)
Paternal well-being
Chronic stress (0–48) 14.70 (8.38) 13.94 (7.95) 17.13 (9.19) 15.78 (8.78) 17.09 (10.08) 15.68 (8.50)
Psychological distress (0–56) 5.99 (6.75) 5.11 (5.43) 9.00 (9.11) 7.38 (8.49) 8.11 (8.05) 5.91 (6.78)
Life satisfaction (4–100) 76.22 (17.24) 79.35 (14.31) 66.60 (21.31) 71.52 (19.71) 64.21 (23.27) 73.58 (19.75)

Variable ranges are noted in parentheses following the names of the variables. Table entries are means and, in parentheses, SDs, or absolute and percentage frequencies where noted.

a–fVariables are mutually exclusive.