Table 3.
Means (standard deviations) in the social cognition and executive function tasks in each group of participants with Down syndrome.
| M (SD)a | Social cognitionb | Executive functions |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WMc | INHd | FLEXe | ||||
| Chronological age groups | 5.73 (0.84) | (A) | 2.80 (2.44) | 0.70 (1.25) | 9 (5.44) | 0.90 (0.32) |
| 8.85 (0.85) | (B) | 5.10 (2.28) | 2.30 (1.95) | 10.20 (5.81) | 1 (0) | |
| 11.05 (0.78) | (C) | 9.20 (3.94) | 4.40 (2.46) | 13.50 (2.99) | 2.40 (1.51) | |
| Linguistic development groups | 3.12 (0.67) | (D) | 3.67 (2.64) | 1.20 (1.47) | 8.67 (5.47) | 0.93 (0.26) |
| 5.85 (1.21) | (E) | 7.73 (4.04) | 3.37 (2.58) | 13.13 (3.68) | 1.93 (1.39) | |
| Contrastsf | A-B | A < B∗ | ||||
| A-C | A < C∗∗ | A < C∗∗∗ | A < C∗ | |||
| B-C | B < C∗ | B < C∗ | ||||
| D-E | D < E∗∗ | D < E∗∗ | D < E∗∗ | D < E∗ | ||
aMeans (and standard deviations) of chronological age and linguistic age (calculated using the score obtained in the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test or PPVT by Dunn et al., 2006) of the DS groups; bSocial Cognition (range: 0–18); cWM, working memory (range: 0–8); dINH, inhibition (range: 0–16); eFLEX, cognitive flexibility (range: 0–4); fContrasts were identified using the T-test. ∗∗∗p < 0.001; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗p < 0.05; t.s. when p > 0.05; and n.s. when p > 1.