Table 3.
Resistance to GMa versus breeding-improved products.b,c
| Item | Values | Japan | United States | the United Kingdom | France | ANOVAd
(F value) |
P | ||
| GM products | |||||||||
|
|
Salmon that grows twice as fast as traditional salmon | ||||||||
|
|
|
Mean (SDe) | 2.60 (1.186) | 2.77 (1.495) | 2.80 (1.453) | 2.07 (1.173) | 26.618 | <.001 | |
|
|
|
Effect size:g(CI) |
|
−0.12 (−0.26 to 0.01) | −0.15 (−0.29 to −0.02) | 0.45 (0.31 to 0.58) |
|
|
|
|
|
Killifish whose bodies shine like tropical fish | ||||||||
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | 2.76 (1.279) | 2.81 (1.490) | 2.80 (1.481) | 2.25 (1.282) | 16.090 | <.001 | |
|
|
|
Effect size:g(CI) |
|
−0.04 (−0.17 to 0.10) | −0.03 (−0.16 to 0.10) | 0.40 (0.26 to 0.53) |
|
|
|
|
|
Rose with blue-colored blossoms | ||||||||
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | 3.60 (1.339) | 4.03 (1.567) | 3.80 (1.555) | 3.46 (1.655) | 10.982 | <.001 | |
|
|
|
Effect size:g(CI) |
|
−0.29 (−0.43 to −0.16) | −0.13 (−0.27 to 0.00) | 0.10 (−0.03 to 0.23) |
|
|
|
|
|
Rice that relieves symptoms of hay fever when continuously consumed | ||||||||
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | 3.29 (1.250) | 3.47 (1.529) | 3.50 (1.529) | 2.70 (1.358) | 28.565 | <.001 | |
|
|
|
Effect size:g(CI) |
|
−0.13 (−0.26 to 0.01) | −0.15 (−0.28 to −0.01) | 0.46 (0.32 to -0.59) |
|
|
|
|
|
Crops resistant to certain herbicides or weed killers | ||||||||
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | 2.521.223 | 3.31 (1.500) | 3.53 (1.459) | 2.36 (1.263) | 75.926 | <.001 | |
|
|
|
Effect size:g(CI) |
|
−0.58 (−0.71 to −0.44) | −0.76 (−0.89 to −0.62) | 0.13 (0.00 to 0.26) |
|
|
|
|
|
Crops resistant to specific harmful pests | ||||||||
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | 2.68 (1.233) | 3.41 (1.515) | 3.63 (1.483) | 2.64 (1.319) | 55.933 | <.001 | |
|
|
|
Effect size:g(CI) |
|
−0.53 (−0.66 to −0.39) | −0.70 (−0.84 to −0.56) | 0.03 (−0.10 to 0.16) |
|
|
|
|
|
Crops enriched with specific nutrients such as vitamin C, etc. | ||||||||
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | 3.18 (1.178) | 3.81 (1.486) | 3.74 (1.456) | 2.98 (1.349) | 38.545 | <.001 | |
|
|
|
Effect size:g(CI) |
|
−0.48 (−0.61 to −0.34) | −0.43 (−0.56 to −0.29) | 0.16 (0.03 to 0.29) |
|
|
|
|
|
Crops that make efficient use of water and grow in arid or drought-stricken environments | ||||||||
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | 3.52 (1.194) | 3.77 (1.489) | 3.92 (1.464) | 3.68 (1.622) | 5.879 | <.001 | |
|
|
|
Effect size:g(CI) |
|
−0.19 (−0.32 to −0.05) | −0.30 (−0.44 to −0.17) | −0.12 (−0.25 to 0.02) |
|
|
|
|
|
Crops resistant to cold weather and extremely low temperatures | ||||||||
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | 3.54 (1.228) | 3.76 (1.486) | 3.87 (1.391) | 3.00 (1.392) | 33.284 | <.001 | |
|
|
|
Effect size:g(CI) |
|
−0.16 (−0.29 to −0.03) | −0.25 (−0.38 to −0.11) | 0.42 (0.29 to 0.55) |
|
|
|
|
|
Apples that ripen faster and can be picked sooner than regular apples | ||||||||
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | 2.99 (1.227) | 3.41 (1.467) | 3.54 (1.464) | 2.59 (1.314) | 41.780 | <.001 | |
|
|
|
Effect size:g(CI) |
|
−0.32 (−0.45 to −0.18) | −0.41 (−0.54 to −0.27) | 0.32 (0.18 to 0.45) |
|
|
|
| Breeding-improved products | |||||||||
|
|
Salmon that grows twice as fast as traditional salmon | ||||||||
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | 3.16 (1.303) | 3.47 (1.617) | 3.41 (1.553) | 2.44 (1.392) | 42.752 | <.001 | |
|
|
|
Effect size:g(CI) |
|
−0.21 (−0.35 to −0.08) | −0.18 (−0.31 to −0.04) | 0.53 (0.39 to 0.66) |
|
|
|
|
|
Killifish whose bodies shine like tropical fish | ||||||||
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | 3.26 (1.362) | 3.33 (1.610) | 3.29 (1.559) | 2.52 (1.419) | 28.371 | <.001 | |
|
|
|
Effect size:g(CI) |
|
−0.05 (−0.18 to 0.08) | −0.02 (−0.16 to 0.11) | 0.53(0.39 to 0.66) |
|
|
|
|
|
Rose with blue-colored blossoms | ||||||||
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | 3.90 (1.353) | 4.28 (1.481) | 4.07 (1.526) | 3.56 (1.699 | 16.749 | <.001 | |
|
|
|
Effect size:g(CI) |
|
−0.27 (−0.41 to −0.14) | −0.12 (−0.25 to 0.01) | 0.22 (0.08 to 0.35) |
|
|
|
|
|
Rice that relieves symptoms of hay fever when continuously consumed | ||||||||
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | 3.67 (1.285) | 3.94 (1.472) | 3.96 (1.475) | 2.95 (1.483) | 44.944 | <.001 | |
|
|
|
Effect size:g(CI) |
|
−0.20 (−0.33 to −0.06) | −0.21 (−0.34 to −0.08) | 0.52 (0.38 to 0.65) |
|
|
|
|
|
Crops resistant to certain herbicides or weed killers | ||||||||
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | 3.23 (1.329) | 3.89 (1.492) | 4.07 (1.435) | 2.76 (1.451) | 75.119 | <.001 | |
|
|
|
Effect size:g(CI) |
|
−0.47 (−0.60 to −0.33) | −0.61 (−0.74 to −0.47) | 0.34 (0.21 to 0.47) |
|
|
|
|
|
Crops resistant to specific harmful pests | ||||||||
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | 3.30 (1.347) | 4.01 (1.494) | 4.13 (1.442) | 2.91 (1.497) | 68.251 | <.001 | |
|
|
|
Effect size:g(CI) |
|
−0.51 (−0.64 to −0.37) | −0.60 (−0.73 to −0.46) | 0.27 (0.14 to 0.41) |
|
|
|
|
|
Crops enriched with specific nutrients such as vitamin C, etc. | ||||||||
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | 3.62 (1.247) | 4.17 (1.434) | 4.14 (1.391) | 3.15 (1.515) | 49.784 | <.001 | |
|
|
|
Effect size:g(CI) |
|
−0.41 (−0.54 to −0.28) | −0.39 (−0.52 to −0.26) | 0.34 (0.21 to 0.47) |
|
|
|
|
|
Crops that make efficient use of water and grow in arid or drought-stricken environments | ||||||||
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | 3.91 (1.265) | 4.26 (1.368) | 4.23 (1.393) | 3.62 (1.650) | 18.882 | <.001 | |
|
|
|
Effect size:g(CI) |
|
−0.27 (−0.40 to −0.14) | −0.24 (−0.37 to −0.11) | 0.20 (0.06 to 0.33) |
|
|
|
|
|
Crops resistant to cold weather and extremely low temperatures | ||||||||
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | 3.87 (1.265) | 4.18 (1.405) | 4.22 (1.405) | 3.16 (1.513) | 51.176 | <.001 | |
|
|
|
Effect size:g(CI) |
|
−0.23 (−0.37 to −0.10) | −0.26 (−0.39 to −0.13) | 0.51 (0.38 to 0.65) |
|
|
|
|
|
Apples that ripen faster and can be picked sooner than regular apples | ||||||||
|
|
|
Mean (SD) | 3.49 (1.277) | 4.00 (1.473) | 4.00 (1.464) | 2.90 (1.441) | 56.599 | <.001 | |
|
|
|
Effect size:g(CI) |
|
−0.37 (−0.50 to −0.24) | −0.38 (−0.51 to −0.24) | 0.43 (0.29 to 0.56) |
|
|
|
aGM: genetically modified.
bLikert Scale: 1= very strong resistance to 6= no resistance at all.
cMean: average of Likert Scale points.
dANOVA: analysis of variance.
eSD: standard deviation.