Table 4. Best fitting models and fixed-effects parameters in Experiment 2.

Question	Model	Fixed effects	Coefficient	SE	t
a	a ∼ Valence × Device + (1 + Valence|Subject) + (1|Item)	(Intercept) valencepositive devicefullstop devicewinkface valencepositive:devicefullstop valencepositive:devicewinkface	3.6 0.5 −0.6 2.1 −1.6 −1.24	0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2	25.9 3.4 −4.9 15.2 −8.3 −6.3
b: sarcastic interpretation	b ∼ Valence × Device + (1 + Valence|Subject) + (1|Item)	(Intercept) valencepositive devicefullstop devicewinkface valencepositive:devicefullstop valencepositive:devicewinkface	3.8 −0.4 −0.2 1 0.6 −0.8	0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1	24.9 −2 −1.2 8.8 2.1 −5.6
b: literal interpretation	b ∼ Valence × Device + (1 + Valence|Subject) + (1|Item)	(Intercept) valencepositive devicefullstop devicewinkface valencepositive:devicefullstop valencepositive:devicewinkface	2.2 3.1 −0.1 0.9 0.5 −0.9	0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2	23.7 21.3 −1.6 5.5 3.7 −4.1