Table 1.
Current literature using HR-pQCT finite element (FE) modeling for uniaxial compression simulations in the older human bone; illustrating the type of FE model used, the elastic modulus (E) used in the model, the reported outcomes, and the sites measured per study. Literature is listed in chronological order by year
| Reference | FE Modela | Elastic modulus (E) | Outcomes reported | Site measured |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pistoia et al. Bone 2002; 30(6): 842–848. | STM | 10 GPa | 1. Failure Load (N) | Cadaver Radius |
| MacNeil et al. Med Eng and Phys 2007; 29: 1096–1105. | STM | 10 GPa | 1. Reaction Load (N) 2. Strain Energy Density 3. Average von Mises Stress (MPa) |
Cadaver Radius (Cube Sample) |
| MacNeil et al. Med Eng and Phys 2008; 30: 792–799.b | STM | Calculatedc | 1. Elastic Modulus (CV%RMS)b
2. Reaction Force (CV%RMS)b 3. Average von Mises Stress (CV%RMS)b 4. Strain Energy Density (CV%RMS)b |
In vivo Radius and Tibia |
| MacNeil et al. Bone 2008; 42: 1203–1213. | STM E-BMD |
6829 MPa Eelement = 15004 × (ρ/1200 mg HA/cm3)1.7 |
1. Apparent Bone Strength (Ultimate Stress) (GPa) | In vivo Radius |
| Boutroy et al. JBMR 2008; 23(3): 392–399. | DTM | Cortical: 20 GPa Trabecular: 17.5 GPa |
1. Stiffness (kN/mm) 2. % Load Carried by Each Tissued 3. Average von Mises Stress for each Tissued (MPa) |
In vivo Radius and Tibia |
| Mueller et al. Bone 2009; 44: 364–371. | STM | 10 GPa | 1. Strength (N) 2. Stiffness (N/mm) |
Cadaver Radius |
| Dalzell et al. Osteoporos Int 2009; 20: 1683–1694. | STM | 10 GPa | 1. Stiffness (N/mm) 2. Failure Load (N) |
In vivo Radius and Tibia |
| Varga et al. J Biomech 2009; 42: 1726–1731. | DTM | Cortical: 16.5 GPa Trabecular: 2974.0 MPa |
1. Failure Load (N) 2. Stiffness (N/mm) |
Cadaver Radius |
| Burghardt et al. JBMR 2010; 25(12): 2558–2571. | DTM | Cortical: 10 GPa Trabecular: 10 GPa |
1. Stiffness (N/mm) 2. Apparent Modulus (N/mm2) 3. Failure Load (N) 4. % Load Carried by Cortex |
In vivo Radius and Tibia |
| Vilayphiou et al. Bone 2010; 46: 1030–1037. | DTM | Cortical: 20 GPa Trabecular: 17 GPa |
1. Failure Load (N) 2. Stiffness (kN/mm) 3. % Load Carried by Each Tissued 4. Average von Mises stress for each Tissued (MPa) |
In vivo Radius and Tibia |
| Varga et al. Bone. 2010; 47: 982–988. | STM | 15 GPa | 1. Stiffness (kN.mm) 2. Failure Load (kN) |
Cadaver Radius |
| Vilayphiou et al. JBMR 2011; 26(5): 965–973. | DTM | Cortical: 20 GPa Trabecular: 17 GPa |
1. Failure Load (N) 2. Stiffness (kN/mm) 3. % Load Carried by Each Tissued 4. Average von Mises stress for each Tissued (MPa) |
In vivo Radius and Tibia |
| Macdonald et al. JBMR 2011; 26(1): 50–62. | STM | 6829 MPa | 1. Stiffness (N/mm) 2. Apparent Bone Strength (Ultimate Stress) (MPa) 3. Failure Load (N) 4. % Strain Energy Carried by each Tissued |
In vivo Radius and Tibia |
| Varga et al. Biomech Model Mecahnobiol 2011; 10: 431–444. | DTM | Cortical: 15 GPa Trabecular: 15 GPa |
1. Stiffness (kN/mm) 2. Failure Load (kN) 3. Apparent Modulus (kN/mm2) 4. % Load Carried by each Tissued |
Cadaver Radius |
| Rizzoli et al. Osteoporos Int 2012; 23: 305–315. | DTM E-BMD |
Cortical: 20 GPa Trabecular: 17 GPa Eelement = 15004 × (ρ/900 mg HA/cm3)1.1 |
1. Failure Load (N) 2. Stiffness (kN/mm) 3. Average von Mises stress for each Tissued (MPa) |
In vivo Radius and Tibia |
| Nishiyama et al. Osteoprosis Int 2012; 24(5): 1733–1740 | STM | 6829 MPa | 1. Apparent Bone Strength (Ultimate Stress) (MPa) 2. % Load Carried by each Tissued |
In vivo Radius and Tibia |
| Ellouz et al. Bone 2014; 63: 147–157 | DTM | Cortical: 20 GPa Trabecular: 17 GPa |
1. Stiffness (kN/mm) 2. Average von Mises stress (MPa) for Each Tissued 3. % Load Carried by each Tissued |
In vivo Radius and Tibia |
a STM single tissue model, DTM dual tissue model, E-BMD scaled model based on bone mineral density
bResults of this study only report long-term and short-term precision errors (CV%), outcome values not reported
cElastic modulus (E) was calculated in this study based on the reaction force required to induce 1 % strain over the average area of the slices within the section
d“Each tissue” refers separately to the cortical and trabecular tissues