Table 4.
Plants and generic terms mentioned as maintaining and improving the health of animals in Eastern Tyrol (n = 144)
| Category | Local name | FL1 + FL2 | FL3 | HI | Fo/Fe | Animal | Application | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plants | ||||||||
| Abies alba Mill. | Tanne | 1 | 0 | x | a/c/d | var | Ap; Dig; Goo; Is; Per; Rest; | Em |
| Achillea millefolium L. | Schafgarbe | 3 | 12/22 | x | b/c/d | go, var | Ba; Dig; Is; Rep2; Sed; | Ra |
| Alchemilla spp. | Frauenmantel | 1 | 2/4 | x | a/d | var, ca | Dig; Goo; Is; Rep1; | Ra |
| Allium cepa L. | Zwiebel | 0 | 6/20 | x | d | ca, sh | Rep2; | - |
| Allium sativum L. | Knoblauch | 0 | 2/8 | x | c/d | ca | Ap; Rep1; | - |
| Alnus alnobetula (Ehrh.) K.Koch | Lutterstaude | 0 | 0 | x | b | var | Ba; | - |
| Althaea officinalis L. | Eibisch | 0 | 3/5 | x | d | ca, var | Is; Rep2; | Ra |
| Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. | Wiesenkerbel, Rosskümmel | 3 | 0 | - | a/b | ca | Ba; Goo; | - |
| Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. | Kren | 1 | 0 | x | - | var | - | Ra |
| Arnica montana L. | Arnika | 2 | 11/58 | x | c/d | var, ca | Is; Rep2; | Hr, Ra |
| Artemisia absinthium L. | Wermut | 0 | 24/39 | x | c/d | ca | Dig; Is; Sed; | Ra |
| Avena sativa L. | Hafer, Hobo | 15 | 6/15 | x | c/d | ca, sh, ho | Goo; Per; Rep1; Rep2; Sed; Sk; | - |
| Beta vulgaris L. | Futterrübe, Runkel | 8 | 0 | x | a | ca, pi | Goo | - |
| Betula spp. | Birke | 0 | 1/2 | x | d | var | Is; | - |
| Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. | Kobis, Weißkraut | 2 | 1/6 | x | a/d | pi, ca | Goo; Is; Rep1; Rep2; | - |
| Brassica rapa var. rapa L. | Rübe, Herbstrübe | 2 | 0/15 | x | a/c/d | ca, pi | Goo; Is; Per; Ur; | - |
| Calendula officinalis L. | Ringelblume, Ringelrose | 0 | 1/30 | x | d | ca, var | Dig; Is | Ra |
| Cannabis sativa L. | Hanf | 0 | 1/1 | x | d | ca | Rep2; | - |
| Carlina acaulis L. | Silberdistel | 0 | 0 | x | a | ca, pi | Goo; | - |
| Carum carvi L. | Kümmel, Kümmelstaude | 0 | 2/6 | x | d | ca | Rep2; | - |
| Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. | Goasstraube, Isländisch Moos | 22 | 13/44 | x | c/d | ca, sh, ho, pi | Is; Per; Rest; Rep1; Sk; | - |
| Cirsium spinosissimum (L.) Scop. | Einhacken | 1 | 0 | x | c | ca, pi | Per; | - |
| Coriandrum sativum L. | Koriander | 1 | 0 | - | d | ca | Dig; | - |
| Corylus avellana L. | Hasel | 0 | 0 | x | a | var | Goo; | - |
| Cucurbita spp. | Focknkürbis | 0 | 0 | x | a | pi | Goo; | - |
| Elymus repens (L.) Gould | Queckenwurzn | 0 | 0 | x | a | ca, sh | Fs; | - |
| Epilobium spp. | Weidenröschen | 0 | 0 | x | - | var | - | Ra |
| Equisetum arvense L. | Zinnkraut | 1 | 0 | - | a | var | Goo; | - |
| Fagopyrum esculentum Moench | Buchweizen | 0 | 1/1 | - | d | ho | Rep1; | - |
| Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Fenchel | 1 | 2/6 | x | d | ca | Dig; Rep2; | - |
| Fraxinus excelsior L. | Esche | 2 | 0 | x | a/c | ca, sh | Goo; | Em |
| Geranium spp. | Storchenschnabel | 0 | 4/4 | x | d | ca | Rep1; | - |
| Helianthus annuus L. | Sonnenblume | 0 | 0 | x | c/d | var | Sed; | - |
| Heracleum sphondylium L. | Bärenklau, Bärentatze | 0 | 0 | x | a/b | ca | Ba; Goo; | - |
| Hordeum vulgare L. | Gerste | 16 | 5/16 | x | c/d | ca, sh, ho | Per; Rep1; Rep2; | Hr |
| Hypericum perforatum L. | Johanniskraut | 1 | 2/12 | x | d | var, ca | Is; Rep2; | Hr, Ra |
| Juglans regia L. | Walnuß | 1 | 0/2 | x | - | var | - | Em |
| Juniperus communis L. | Kranewitten, Wacholder | 6 | 5/14 | x | a/c/d | ca | Dig; Goo; Is; Per; Sed; | Em |
| Lamium spp. | Taubnessel | 1 | 0 | - | a | chi | Goo; | - |
| Larix decidua Mill. | Lärche | 1 | 0/40 | x | a | var | Goo; | Em |
| Ligusticum mutellina (L.) Crantz | Madaun, Goblitz, Mutterwurz | 0 | 0 | x | a | var | Goo; | - |
| Linum usitatissimum L. | Leinsamen, Hoorsomen, Linsat | 34 | 22/49 | x | c/d | ca, sh, ho | Dig; Per; Rep2; Sk; Sed; | Hr |
| Malva neglecta Wallr. | Kaspappel | 0 | 0/9 | x | c/d | ca | Dig; | - |
| Matricaria chamomilla L. | Kamille | 1 | 27/100 | x | c/d | var, ca, chi | Is; Rep1; Rep2; Sed; | Hr, Ra |
| Medicago sp. | Luzerne | 1 | 0 | - | a | var | Goo; | - |
| Melissa officinalis L. | Melisse | 1 | 0 | - | - | var | - | Em |
| Mentha spp. | Minze | 2 | 0/1 | x | d | var | Is; Sed; | Em, Ra |
| Papaver somniferum L. | Mohn, Mogn | 0 | 1/4 | x | d | ca | Rest; | - |
| Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) W.D.J. Koch | Meisterwurz | 0 | 3/5 | x | d | var | Is; | Ra |
| Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. | Fichte | 19 | 4/26 | x | a/c/d | ca, sh, go | Ap; Dig; Goo; Is; Per; Rest; | Em |
| Pimpinella anisum L. | Anis | 1 | 1/3 | - | d | ca | Dig; | - |
| Pimpinella saxifraga L. | Bockwurz, Bibernelle | 0 | 0 | x | c | chi | Is; | - |
| Pisum sativum L. | Erbse | 1 | 0 | - | a | ca | Goo; | - |
| Plantago lanceolata L. | Spitzwegerich | 1 | 0 | - | a | var | Goo; | - |
| Prunus avium L. | Kirsche | 0 | 0 | x | a | var | Goo; | - |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn | Adlerfarn | 0 | 1/1 | x | d | sh | Ap; | Em |
| Quercus spp. | Eiche | 0 | 0 | x | a | var | Goo; | - |
| Ranunculus spp. | Hahnfuß | 1 | 0 | - | b | var | Ba; | - |
| Rhinanthus spp. | Klopf | 1 | 0 | - | b | var | Ba; | - |
| Rhododendron spp. | Almrose | 0 | 0 | x | b | var | Ba; | - |
| Rosa spp. | Rose | 0 | 1/1 | - | d | ca | Rep2; | - |
| Rubus idaeus L. | Himbeere | 0 | 0/1 | x | a | var | Goo; | Ra |
| Rumex spp. | Saupletschn, Focknpletschn, Sauer-Ampfer | 8 | 0/1 | x | a/b/c/d | ca, pi, ho, chi | Ba; Goo; Is; Per; Rep2; | - |
| Salix spp. | Palmbuschn | 2 | 2/2 | x | - | var | - | Hr, Ra |
| Salvia officinalis L. | Salbei | 0 | 0/3 | x | - | var | - | Ra |
| Sambucus nigra L. | Schwarzer Holler | 3 | 2/16 | x | c | ca, pi | Is; | Em, Hr |
| Secale cereale L. | Roggen | 7 | 12/18 | x | b/c/d | ca, pi | Ba; Rep1; Rep2; | - |
| Solanum tuberosum L. | Erdäpfel, Kartoffel | 5 | 0/2 | x | a/d | chi, ca, sh | Fs; Goo; Rep2; | - |
| Stellaria media (L.) Vill. | Hühnerdarm, Hiagepanze | 0 | 0 | x | a | pi, chi | Goo; | - |
| Symphytum officinale L. | Beinwell | 1 | 0/2 | - | a | chi | Goo; | - |
| Thymus spp. | Quendel | 1 | 1/3 | x | c/d | ca, Pi | Ap; Is; Per; | Hr |
| Trifolium spp. | Kleegras | 2 | 0 | - | a | ca | Goo; | - |
| Triticum aestivum L. | Weizen | 14 | 2/8 | x | c/d | ca | Dig; Rep2; Rest; | - |
| Urtica dioica L. | Brennessel | 13 | 1/5 | x | a/c/d | ca, pi, chi | Dig; Goo; Is; Per; Rest; Sk; | - |
| Usnea spp. | Baumbart, Rock | 0 | 0 | x | a | var | Fs; | - |
| Vaccinium myrtillus L. | Schwarzbeere, Heidelbeere | 0 | 0/8 | x | - | var | - | Ra |
| Verbascum spp. | Himmelsbrand | 0 | 0 | x | - | ar | - | Ra |
| Vicia faba L. | Scholleboan, Bühn | 5 | 0 | x | a | var | Fs; | - |
| Vicia sativa L. | Futterwicke | 1 | 0 | - | a | ca | Goo; | - |
| x Triticosecale Wittm. | Triticale | 0 | 1/1 | - | d | sh | Rep1; | - |
| Zea mays ssp. mays L. | Türgn, Mais | 2 | 0/1 | x | a | chi | Goo; | - |
| Processed commercial products | ||||||||
| Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (black tea) | Schwarztee | 0 | 4/41 | x | d | ca | Is; Rest; | - |
| Coffea arabica L. (coffee) | Kaffee | 1 | 17/29 | x | d | ca | Rest; Rep2; | - |
| Echinacea spp. (homöopathic medicine) | Echinacea | 1 | 0 | - | - | ca | - | Hr |
| Malus domestica Borkh. (apple cider vinegar) | Apfelessig | 4 | 5/10 | x | c/d | ca, pi, var | Is; Rep1; | Ca, Em |
| Mentha spp. (peppermint oil) | Minzöl | 1 | 0 | - | - | ca | - | Ca |
| Vitis vinifera L. (red and white wine) | Wein | 1 | 4/6 | x | d | ca, go | Rep1; Rep2; Rest; | - |
| Generic terms | ||||||||
| “Alpine fodder” | Almgras, Almfutter | 7 | 0 | x | a | var | Goo; | - |
| After-grass | Gruimat | 6 | 0 | x | c | var | Rep2; Is; | Ra |
| Ash | Asche | 0 | 1/1 | x | d | pi | Rep1; | - |
| Beer | Bier | 0 | 4/4 | - | d | ca | Rest; Rep2; | - |
| Bread | Brot | 0 | 0 | x | d | ca, var | Rest | Hum, Ra |
| Concentrated feeding stuff | Leck, Kraftfutter | 9 | 0 | x | a/c | var | Goo; | - |
| Grass | Gras | 4 | 1/4 | - | a/c/d | ca, chi | Goo; Rep1; | - |
| Grist | Schrot | 1 | 0 | x | a | ca | Goo; | - |
| Hard liquor | Schnaps | 0 | 39/84 | x | d | ca | Rest; Rep2; Sed; | Hr |
| Hay | Heu | 10 | 0/7 | x | a | var | Dig; Goo; Is | Ra |
| Hay from marshy/mossy meadow | Sauerheu | 3 | 0 | - | a | ho | Goo; | - |
| Hay-blossoms | Bliuma, Mürach | 35 | 3/10 | x | a/c/d | pi, ca, chi, var | Goo; Is; Per; Rest; Rep2 | Em, Hr, Ra |
| Herbs | Kräuter | 14 | 0/1 | x | a | ca, pi, var | Goo; Is; | Ra |
| Marc | Trester | 1 | 0 | - | a | ca | Goo; | - |
| Moss | Moos | 0 | 1/1 | x | - | pi | - | Em |
| Mountain meadow hay | Bergheu, Wiesenheu, Almheu | 27 | 0/6 | x | a/c/d | var | Dig; Goo; | - |
| Roughage | Raufutter | 2 | 0 | - | a | var | Goo; | - |
| Sawdust | Sägemehl | 2 | 0 | - | - | var | - | Em |
| Silage | Gärfutter | 2 | 0 | - | a | var | Goo; | - |
| Straw | Stroh | 9 | 0 | x | a/c | var | Fs; Rep2; | Em, Hr |
| Sugar | Zucker | 0 | 3/6 | x | d | ca | Rep2; | - |
| Thistles | Disteln | 5 | 0 | x | c | ca, pi | Per; | - |
Legend
FL1 and FL2: Plants mentioned in Free List 1 and Free List 2. Figures are frequency of mention
FL3: Plants mentioned in Free List 3. First figure gives frequency of mention for preventive purposes. Second figure gives total frequency of all mentions of this plant being for preventive but also curative use. e.g. 22/49: Linum usitatissimum mentioned 49 times in total, 22 of these mentions were related to preventive use
HI: Plants mentioned in interviews (n = 144, including 5 key informants) on history of fodder and feeding (x = plants mentioned)
Fo/Fe: Plants mentioned in the category fodder/feeding: (a) good fodder; (b) bad fodder; (c) functional fodder; (d) fodder medicine
Animal (mentioned in the category fodder/feeding): chi = chicken; ca = cattle; go = goat; ho = horse; pi = pig; sh = sheep
Application: Lists only applications for preventive use for fodder/feeding, according to the information of the respondents as exemplified in the citations for possible applications below:
(Ap) Antiparasitics: preventive of intestinal parasites
(Ba) Bad quality in a general alimentary way: lowers quality of hay if too much represented in grassland, not to feed to swine to prevent swine erysipelas; weed
(Dig) Digestion: enhances and improves digestion, increases appetite, prevents diarrhoea, prevents disorders in digestion, avoids disorders in digestion by conversion of feeding especially for young stock, healthy digestive tract (especially after deworming) good for digestion while also calming, avoids metabolic disorders during conversion of feeding especially for young stock, stimulates digestion
(Fs) Fodder used in times of scarcity of fodder
(Goo) Good quality in a general alimentary way, variation in diet and eaten with pleasure (when fed fresh), rearing fodder for chicks, good fodder quality (palatable and good nutritive value only if harvested properly), appetising and easily digestible, good fodder quality if fed with caution and not looking too much at performance (negative when used in large quantities), freshly cut grass has good fodder quality if animals are unable to graze on pastures
(Is) Immune system: prevents bovine influenza, improves health and fitness in general, spring therapy for good health and to avoid iron deficiency, prevents swine erysipelas, good for strong immune system, generally blood cleansing, increases the body’s defences, in general tonic, rearing fodder for poultry to prevent diseases
(Per) Performance enhancer: promotes weight gain, growth and development, fattening fodder, increases production of milk, improves milk yield and milk fat, after birth to increase milk production, gives power, nutritious, improves laying performance, gives butter a nice colour
(Rep1) Reproductive 1: avoids milk fever, facilitates delivery, prevents retained placenta, nutritious for pregnant animals (in the final month before delivery), preparation fodder for birth, labour inducer and to induce uterine contractions, refreshment after delivery and to avoid circulatory disorders, helps with quick expulsion of the placenta, expands birth canal, avoids expulsion of uterus
(Rep 2) Reproductive 2: preparation fodder for improved oestrus and avoiding silent oestrus, good for female organs, given before the dams are inseminated (bred) for better acceptance of foetus, stimulates ovulation/oestrus inducer
(Rest) Restorer: restorer after diseases, restorer when animals look ill and have lost weight, restorer for weak animals, restorer after delivery, refreshment for calves after birth
(Sed) Sedative: to avoid irritated animals, to avoid stress after transport or being bought in
(Sk) Skin: improves skin, udder health and hoof quality, improves coat gloss, improves condition of eggshells
(Ur) For better urination
Other categories besides fodder/feeding: (Ca) care of the animals, (Em) environmental management, (Hr) household remedy, external application, in contrast to internal application as fodder medicine, (Hum) Human-animal relationship; (Ra) cultural/religious activities