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. 2016 Sep 13;6:32879. doi: 10.1038/srep32879

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Note: Niño3.4 DJF index (red) plotted inversely, grey bars indicate major El Niño events; green bar highlights record 1997/98 event. Extension rates derived from analysis of X-radiographies of coral slabs (cores CHI 5 and 7). All data in annual resolution. Grey and yellow bars in top panel show average annual extension rates for core CHI7 for the respective time intervals. Lower plots: Coral δ¹³C; Cloud cover (10–14°N, 66–68°W, ICOADS data by NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/).