. 2016 Aug 31;2(8):e1600850. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1600850

Table 1. Estimated impact of GE varieties on pesticide use, average impact over 1998–2011 (assumes β_t = β, ∀ t).

N = number of observations. SEs (in parentheses) are clustered at the farmer level. The model includes time fixed effects, CRD-specific time trends, and individual (farmer) fixed effects. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. a.i., active ingredient.

	Soybean herbicides		Maize herbicides		Maize insecticides
	a.i. kg/ha	EIQ kg/ha	a.i. kg/ha	EIQ kg/ha	a.i. kg/ha	EIQ kg/ha
G_i	0.3021***	0.0045	−0.0329*	−0.2590***	−0.0129***	−0.0122***
G_i	(0.0097)	(0.0122)	(0.0150)	(0.0156)	(0.0014)	(0.0014)
N	86,736	86,736	134,264	134,264	134,264	134,264
R²	0.067	0.028	0.022	0.027	0.039	0.051

Table 1. Estimated impact of GE varieties on pesticide use, average impact over 1998–2011 (assumes βt = β, ∀ t).

Table 1. Estimated impact of GE varieties on pesticide use, average impact over 1998–2011 (assumes β_t = β, ∀ t).